468
Ecophysiology 259
effects of eutrophication 155, 393, 411
Epiphytes 151,153,166,171,194,416,449,
453,454
Estonia 147
Erosion 203, 278, 303
Eutrophication 2
definition 1,47, 187,438
effects of 440
index 404
management 45, 68, 69, 209, 257, 335,
456
Fertilizer 67, 70
Filamentousalgae 2,53,144,155,167,171,
196
epiphytes 145
Finland 138
Fish kills 54, 56, 66, 290, 348
Floating (drifting, loose lying) algae 26,
61, 139, 166, 171, 173, 194, 196, 207,
215, 229, 236, 245, 255, 275, 276, 288,
319,345,451,453
Flushing (see also water exchange) 105,
106,109
Fragmentation 23, 257
France 57,59,61,251,307
Atlantic 251
Mediterranean 307
Freshwater 372
Germany 51, 56, 197
Grazing 12, 95, 106, 194,350, 384,
396,454
Great Britain
Greece 59, 403
Greenalgae 2,17,200,274,390,429,444
accumulation 274, 302
proliferation 236, 268, 276, 297, 298
Green tides 7,20,45,59,61, 116, 223, 240,
245,251,255,288,290,297,451
fragmentation 257
management 29,257, 302
vegetative reproduction 255
Growth (see also production) 301, 453,
455,456
Halocline 49, 53, 132, 143
Harvesting 29,71, 117,257,262,335
Helsinki Convention, HELCOM 131,140
Hydrodynamic conditions (see also water
exchange, flushing) 9,252,267,278,
343,372,422,425,437,454,455,457
Subject Index
Hydrogen sulfide 2,28,48,61,63,67,116,
131,195,335,370,424,436,454
benthic fauna 155
fish kills 131, 143,331,335
mortalities
Iceland 165, 180
Ice-scouring, -drifting 138, 153, 167,201
Invasion of algae 62, 166, 169, 177, 289,
345
Ireland
Italy 51,61,331,339
Kattegat 53,54, 136, 168-171, 173, 191
Kombu 122
Land runoff 140,298,307,317,321,438
Latvia 147
Legislation 69
Light 212,302,348
climate 57, 100, 144, 153, 193,206,255,
276,437,441,445,453
penetration 10, 145, 196,230
Lithuania 147
Macrophytes,macroalgae
decline 10, 15, 148, 153, 167, 171, 194,
196,276,405,411,449
mortalities 2, 429, 441
production 94, 289, 297, 320, 325, 350,
363
regeneration 270
Mariculture 30,47, 140,286
algae 259
fish farming 177,321
oyster 260, 321
shellfish 262,321
Marine fouling
Marmara Sea 60, 421, 424
Mass development (see also algal blooms)
155,194,255,266,449
Mediterranean 50, 59, 268, 295
Adriatic Sea 63, 369
France 307
Greece 403, 425
Italy 339
Spain 295
Turkey 425
Methanization 67,68,72,258
Microphytobenthos 97, 166,204,212,371,
397,454
Ecophysiology 259
effects of eutrophication 155, 393, 411
Epiphytes 151,153,166,171,194,416,449,
453,454
Estonia 147
Erosion 203, 278, 303
Eutrophication 2
definition 1,47, 187,438
effects of 440
index 404
management 45, 68, 69, 209, 257, 335,
456
Fertilizer 67, 70
Filamentousalgae 2,53,144,155,167,171,
196
epiphytes 145
Finland 138
Fish kills 54, 56, 66, 290, 348
Floating (drifting, loose lying) algae 26,
61, 139, 166, 171, 173, 194, 196, 207,
215, 229, 236, 245, 255, 275, 276, 288,
319,345,451,453
Flushing (see also water exchange) 105,
106,109
Fragmentation 23, 257
France 57,59,61,251,307
Atlantic 251
Mediterranean 307
Freshwater 372
Germany 51, 56, 197
Grazing 12, 95, 106, 194,350, 384,
396,454
Great Britain
Greece 59, 403
Greenalgae 2,17,200,274,390,429,444
accumulation 274, 302
proliferation 236, 268, 276, 297, 298
Green tides 7,20,45,59,61, 116, 223, 240,
245,251,255,288,290,297,451
fragmentation 257
management 29,257, 302
vegetative reproduction 255
Growth (see also production) 301, 453,
455,456
Halocline 49, 53, 132, 143
Harvesting 29,71, 117,257,262,335
Helsinki Convention, HELCOM 131,140
Hydrodynamic conditions (see also water
exchange, flushing) 9,252,267,278,
343,372,422,425,437,454,455,457
Subject Index
Hydrogen sulfide 2,28,48,61,63,67,116,
131,195,335,370,424,436,454
benthic fauna 155
fish kills 131, 143,331,335
mortalities
Iceland 165, 180
Ice-scouring, -drifting 138, 153, 167,201
Invasion of algae 62, 166, 169, 177, 289,
345
Ireland
Italy 51,61,331,339
Kattegat 53,54, 136, 168-171, 173, 191
Kombu 122
Land runoff 140,298,307,317,321,438
Latvia 147
Legislation 69
Light 212,302,348
climate 57, 100, 144, 153, 193,206,255,
276,437,441,445,453
penetration 10, 145, 196,230
Lithuania 147
Macrophytes,macroalgae
decline 10, 15, 148, 153, 167, 171, 194,
196,276,405,411,449
mortalities 2, 429, 441
production 94, 289, 297, 320, 325, 350,
363
regeneration 270
Mariculture 30,47, 140,286
algae 259
fish farming 177,321
oyster 260, 321
shellfish 262,321
Marine fouling
Marmara Sea 60, 421, 424
Mass development (see also algal blooms)
155,194,255,266,449
Mediterranean 50, 59, 268, 295
Adriatic Sea 63, 369
France 307
Greece 403, 425
Italy 339
Spain 295
Turkey 425
Methanization 67,68,72,258
Microphytobenthos 97, 166,204,212,371,
397,454