The Occurrence of "Green Tides" - a Review
Table 1.1. (Contd.)
Alga
Bossiella
Corallina spp.
Ceramium spp.
Chondrus crispus
Dumontia incrassata
Gelidium pusillum
Gigartina sp.
Gracilaria spp.
Hypnea musciformis
Jeannerettia
Polysiphonia spp.
Porphyra spp.
Pterocladia
Rhodoglossum
CYANOPHYTA
Lyngbya spp.
Phormidium spp.
Unidentified
Reference
Dawson (1959)
Dawson (1959, 1965); North et al. (1972);
Murray and Littler (1983); Bellan (1967b, 1970); Bellan
and Bellan-Santini (1972)
Grenager (1957); Johnston (1971172); Fletcher (1974)
Johnston (1971172)
Johnston (1971172)
Littler and Murray (1974, 1975); Kindig and Littler
(1980); Murray and Littler (1974, 1976)
Johnston (1971/72); Murray and Littler (1983)
Nasr and Aleem(1948); McNulty (1959); Sfriso (1987);
Sfriso et al. (1991); Hiillfors and Heikkonen (1993)
Gamulin-Brida et al. (1967)
Anonymous (1973)
Johnston (1971172)
Johnston (1971/72); Reise (1983)
Borowitzka (1972); Murray and Littler (1974)
Anonymous (1973)
Nasr and Aleem (1948)
Nasr and Aleem (1948); Munda (1974)
Nasr and Aleem (1948); Grenager (1957); Munda (1974)
19
considered to be more adaptable to the environmental stress and instability
caused by periodic sewage influx.
Another notable group of algae which are reported to be particularly
resistant to sewage pollution are calcareous red algae (Dawson 1959,1965;
North et al. 1972; Kindig and Littler 1980). Dawson (1965), for example,
reported Bossiella and Corallina to have a particularly high biomass near a
domestic sewage outfall in California. North et al. (1972) referred to
articulated Corallina spp. as a possible indicator of pollution, whilst
Murray and Littler (1983) observed that cleared surfaces near a sewage
outfall in California were dominated by a small number of algae which
included Corallina officinalis var. chilensis and Corallina vancouveriensis.
These results found support in the experimental studies of Kindig and
Littler (1980), who revealed that Amphiroa zonata, Bossiella orbigniana
and Corallina officinalis var. chilensis all demonstrated enhanced growth in
the presence of primary sewage. Corallins cf. officinalis was also reported to
be the most dominant alga near a sewage outfall near Marseilles (Bellan
1970; Bellan and Bellan-Santini 1972; Bellan-Santini 1969). Also often
described as abundant in sewage polluted waters are finely branched red
algae, in particular Ceramium spp., Polysiphonia spp. and Bangia sp.
(Grenager 1957; Murray and Littler 1983; Kautskyet al. 1992; Bellan 1970).
Table 1.1. (Contd.)
Alga
Bossiella
Corallina spp.
Ceramium spp.
Chondrus crispus
Dumontia incrassata
Gelidium pusillum
Gigartina sp.
Gracilaria spp.
Hypnea musciformis
Jeannerettia
Polysiphonia spp.
Porphyra spp.
Pterocladia
Rhodoglossum
CYANOPHYTA
Lyngbya spp.
Phormidium spp.
Unidentified
Reference
Dawson (1959)
Dawson (1959, 1965); North et al. (1972);
Murray and Littler (1983); Bellan (1967b, 1970); Bellan
and Bellan-Santini (1972)
Grenager (1957); Johnston (1971172); Fletcher (1974)
Johnston (1971172)
Johnston (1971172)
Littler and Murray (1974, 1975); Kindig and Littler
(1980); Murray and Littler (1974, 1976)
Johnston (1971/72); Murray and Littler (1983)
Nasr and Aleem(1948); McNulty (1959); Sfriso (1987);
Sfriso et al. (1991); Hiillfors and Heikkonen (1993)
Gamulin-Brida et al. (1967)
Anonymous (1973)
Johnston (1971172)
Johnston (1971/72); Reise (1983)
Borowitzka (1972); Murray and Littler (1974)
Anonymous (1973)
Nasr and Aleem (1948)
Nasr and Aleem (1948); Munda (1974)
Nasr and Aleem (1948); Grenager (1957); Munda (1974)
19
considered to be more adaptable to the environmental stress and instability
caused by periodic sewage influx.
Another notable group of algae which are reported to be particularly
resistant to sewage pollution are calcareous red algae (Dawson 1959,1965;
North et al. 1972; Kindig and Littler 1980). Dawson (1965), for example,
reported Bossiella and Corallina to have a particularly high biomass near a
domestic sewage outfall in California. North et al. (1972) referred to
articulated Corallina spp. as a possible indicator of pollution, whilst
Murray and Littler (1983) observed that cleared surfaces near a sewage
outfall in California were dominated by a small number of algae which
included Corallina officinalis var. chilensis and Corallina vancouveriensis.
These results found support in the experimental studies of Kindig and
Littler (1980), who revealed that Amphiroa zonata, Bossiella orbigniana
and Corallina officinalis var. chilensis all demonstrated enhanced growth in
the presence of primary sewage. Corallins cf. officinalis was also reported to
be the most dominant alga near a sewage outfall near Marseilles (Bellan
1970; Bellan and Bellan-Santini 1972; Bellan-Santini 1969). Also often
described as abundant in sewage polluted waters are finely branched red
algae, in particular Ceramium spp., Polysiphonia spp. and Bangia sp.
(Grenager 1957; Murray and Littler 1983; Kautskyet al. 1992; Bellan 1970).