In situ
Burning (3)
Mechanical
containment
Physical and
chemical methods
Biological methods
Waste treatment
(ex situ )
Biostimulation
(ex situ or in situ)
Bioaugmentation
(ex situ or in situ)
Booms (1)
Floating
containment
booms
Sorbents (4)
Sawdust, peat
moss, polymers
Seeding (7)
Feeding (6)
Electron
acceptors,
nutrients
Increase of the
hydrocarbonoclastic activity
of native microorganisms
communities
Dispersing
agents (5)
Synthesized or
biosynthesized
(biosurfactants)
Skimmers (2)
Weir-, oleophilic-,
suction-skimmers
Native/exogenous strains,
communities or GMO
Fig. 16.43 Oil spill control methods in marine environment. (1) Used
to control the spread of oil and to reduce the possibility of polluting
shorelines. (2) Device for recovering spilled oil from water’s surface.
(3) Because it releases pollutants into air, it depends on numerous
factors to comply with safety rules for human health. (4) Insoluble
materials (floating or not), ideally both oleophilic (oil attracting) and
hydrophobic (water repellent) are used to recover spread liquids
through the mechanism of absorption and/or adsorption. (5) Dispersing
agents, also called dispersants, are chemicals that contain (bio)
surfactants or compounds which act to break liquid oil into small
droplets allowing their dispersion into the water column. (6) Feeding
or biostimulation is the addition of nutrients (P,N), electron acceptors
(NO
3À
, SO 4
2À
, O 2, etc.), to stimulate the growth of existing native oildegrading communities, and/or indirectly, by the addition of (bio)
surfactants as they enhance the oil bioavailability. (7) Seeding or
bioaugmentation is the introduction of hydrocarbonoclastic
microorganisms in the existing native communities to speed up
biodegradation
Fig. 16.44 Examples of mechanical techniques to fight oil spills. (a) Floating containment booms (Marseille’s Bay, June 1998). (b) Helicopter
spraying of dispersing agents (Courtesy of BMP Marseille and SOS De ´pollution)
16 Applied Microbial Ecology and Bioremediation
735
Burning (3)
Mechanical
containment
Physical and
chemical methods
Biological methods
Waste treatment
(ex situ )
Biostimulation
(ex situ or in situ)
Bioaugmentation
(ex situ or in situ)
Booms (1)
Floating
containment
booms
Sorbents (4)
Sawdust, peat
moss, polymers
Seeding (7)
Feeding (6)
Electron
acceptors,
nutrients
Increase of the
hydrocarbonoclastic activity
of native microorganisms
communities
Dispersing
agents (5)
Synthesized or
biosynthesized
(biosurfactants)
Skimmers (2)
Weir-, oleophilic-,
suction-skimmers
Native/exogenous strains,
communities or GMO
Fig. 16.43 Oil spill control methods in marine environment. (1) Used
to control the spread of oil and to reduce the possibility of polluting
shorelines. (2) Device for recovering spilled oil from water’s surface.
(3) Because it releases pollutants into air, it depends on numerous
factors to comply with safety rules for human health. (4) Insoluble
materials (floating or not), ideally both oleophilic (oil attracting) and
hydrophobic (water repellent) are used to recover spread liquids
through the mechanism of absorption and/or adsorption. (5) Dispersing
agents, also called dispersants, are chemicals that contain (bio)
surfactants or compounds which act to break liquid oil into small
droplets allowing their dispersion into the water column. (6) Feeding
or biostimulation is the addition of nutrients (P,N), electron acceptors
(NO
3À
, SO 4
2À
, O 2, etc.), to stimulate the growth of existing native oildegrading communities, and/or indirectly, by the addition of (bio)
surfactants as they enhance the oil bioavailability. (7) Seeding or
bioaugmentation is the introduction of hydrocarbonoclastic
microorganisms in the existing native communities to speed up
biodegradation
Fig. 16.44 Examples of mechanical techniques to fight oil spills. (a) Floating containment booms (Marseille’s Bay, June 1998). (b) Helicopter
spraying of dispersing agents (Courtesy of BMP Marseille and SOS De ´pollution)
16 Applied Microbial Ecology and Bioremediation
735