Berg J, Thorsen MK, Holm PE, Jensen J, Nybroe O, Brandt KK (2010)
Cu exposure under field conditions coselects for antibiotic resistance as determined by a novel cultivation-independent bacterial
community tolerance assay. Environ Sci Technol 44:8724–8728
Briand E, Ye ´premian C, Humbert JF, Quiblier C (2008) Comparative
studies on the fitness of microcystin-producing and non-producing
Planktothrix agardhii strains cultivated under different environmental conditions. Environ Microbiol 10:3337–3348
Briand E, Escoffier N, Straub C, Sabart M, Quiblier C, Humbert JF
(2009) Spatiotemporal changes in the genetic diversity of a bloomforming Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) population.
ISME J 3:419–429
Burrus V, Waldor MK (2004) Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements. Res Microbiol 155:376–386
Chen J, Novick RP (2009) Phage-mediated intergeneric transfer of
toxin genes. Science 323:139–141
Colwell R, Grimes DJ (2000) Nonculturable microorganisms in the
environment. ASM Press, Washington, DC
Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM, Speed DJ (1997) Sunlight
wavelengths inactivating faecal indicator microorganisms in waste
stabilization ponds. Water Sci Technol 35:219–225
Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM, Speed DJ, Ross CM, Nagels JW
(1999) Inactivation of faecal indicator microorganisms in waste
stabilisation ponds: interactions of environmental factors with
sunlight. Water Res 53:1220–1230
D’Costa VM et al (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature
477:457–461
Delecluse P (2008) The origin of climate changes. Rev Sci Tech Off Int
Epiz 27:309–317
Desnues B, Cuny C, Gre ´gori G, Dukan S, Aguilaniu H, Nystro ¨m T
(2003) Differential oxidative damage and expression of stress
defense regulons in culturable and non-culturable Escherichia coli
cells. EMBO Rep 4(4):400–404
Downing JA, Watson SB, McCauley E (2001) Predicting
Cyanobacteria dominance in lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
58:1905–1908
Dukan S, Nystro ¨m T (1998) Bacterial senescence: stasis results in
increased and differential oxidation of cytoplasmic proteins leading
to developmental induction of the heat shock regulon. Genes Dev
12:3431–3441
Edberg SC, Le Clerc H, Robertson J (2000) Escherichia coli: the best
biological drinking water indicator for public health protection.
J Appl Microbiol 88:1068–1168
Fajardo A, Martı ´nez JL (2008) Antibiotic as signals that trigger specific
bacterial responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:161–167
Fewtrell L, Bartram J (2001) Water quality: guidelines, standards and
health. World Health Organization water series. IWA Publishing,
London
Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE (2002) Legionella and Legionnaires’
disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:506–526
Frangeul L et al (2008) Highly plastic genome of Microcystis
aeruginosa PCC7806, a ubiquitous toxic freshwater cyanobacterium. BMC Genomics 9:274
Gagliardi JV, Karns JS (2002) Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7
in soil and on plant roots. Environ Microbiol 4:89–96
Garcia Armisen T, Servais P (2004) Enumeration of viable E. coli
in rivers and wastewaters by fluorescent in situ hybridization.
J Microbiol Methods 58:269–279
Garcia Armisen T, Servais P (2007) Respective contributions of point and
non point sources of E. coli and Enterococci in a large urbanised
watershed (the Seine river, France). J Environ Manage 82(4):512–518
Garrec N, Picard-Bonnaud F, Pourcher AM (2003) Occurrence of Listeria
sp. and L monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application:
effect of dewatering, liming and storage in tank on survival of Listeria
species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35:275–283
Garrett L (1996) The return of infectious disease. Foreign Aff 75:66–79
George I, Crop P, Servais P (2002) Fecal coliforms removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic
methods. Water Res 36:2607–2617
Guan TY, Holley RA (2003) Pathogen survival in swine manure
environments and transmission of human enteric illness–a review.
J Environ Qual 32:383–392
Hacker J, Kaper JB (2000) Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of
microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:641–679
Heuer H, Smalla K (2007) Manure and sulfadiazine synergistically
increased bacterial antibiotic resistance in soil over at least two
months. Environ Microbiol 9:657–666
Heuer H, Schmitt H, Smalla K (2011) Antibiotic resistance gene spread
due to manure application on agricultural fields. Curr Opin
Microbiol 14:236–243
Hijnen WAM, Beerendonck EF, Medema GJ (2006) Inactivation credit
of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in
water: a review. Water Res 40:3–22
Huysman F, Verstraete W, Brookes PC (1994) Effect of manuring
practices and increased copper concentrations on soil microbial
populations. Soil Biol Biochem 26:103–110
Kaestli M et al (2007) Sensitive and specific molecular detection of
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, in
the soil of Tropical Northern Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol
73:6891–6897
Karaolis DK, Somara S, Maneval DR Jr, Johnson JA, Kaper JB
(1999) A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a
type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria. Nature
399:375–379
Karci A, Balciog ˘lu IA (2009) Investigation of the tetracycline, sulfonamide, and fluoroquinolone antimicrobial compounds in animal
manure and agricultural soils in Turkey. Sci Total Environ
407:4652–4664
Kidd SE, Chow Y, Mak S, Bach PJ, Chen H, Hingston AO, Kronstad
JW, Bartlett KH (2007) Characterization of environmental sources
of the human and animal pathogen, Cryptococcus gattii, in British
Columbia, Canada, and Pacific Northwest USA. Appl Environ
Microbiol 73:1433–1443
Knapp S, Hacker J, Jarchau T, Goebel W (1986) Large, unstable inserts
in the chromosome affect virulence properties of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli O6 strain 536. J Bacteriol 168:22–30
Knapp CW, Zhang W, Sturm BS, Graham DW (2010) Differential fate
of erythromycin and beta-lactam resistance genes from swine
lagoon waste under different aquatic conditions. Environ Pollut
158:1506–1512
Koelle K, Pascual M, Yunus M (2005) Pathogen adaptation to seasonal
forcing and climate change. Proc R Soc B 272:971–977
Kogure K, Simidu U, Taga N (1979) A tentative direct microscopic
method for counting living marine bacteria. Can J Microbiol
25:415–420
Kong KF, Schneper L, Mathee K (2010) Beta-lactam antibiotics: from
antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology. APMIS 118:1–36
Kulasekara BR, Kulasekara HD, Wolfgang MC, Stevens L, Frank DW,
Lory S (2006) Acquisition and evolution of the exoU locus in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 188:4037–4050
Kummerer J (2003) The significance of antibiotics in the environment.
J Antimicrob Chemother 1:5–7
Kuske CR, Barns SM, Grow CC, Merrill L, Dunbar J (2006) Environmental survey for four pathogenic bacteria and closely related
species using phylogenetic and functional genes. J Forensic Sci
51:548–558
Lavenir R, Jocktane D, Laurent F, Nazaret S, Cournoyer B (2007)
Improved reliability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PCR detection
by the use of the species-specific ecfX gene target. J Microbiol
Methods 70:20–29
15 Environmental and Human Pathogenic Microorganisms
657
Cu exposure under field conditions coselects for antibiotic resistance as determined by a novel cultivation-independent bacterial
community tolerance assay. Environ Sci Technol 44:8724–8728
Briand E, Ye ´premian C, Humbert JF, Quiblier C (2008) Comparative
studies on the fitness of microcystin-producing and non-producing
Planktothrix agardhii strains cultivated under different environmental conditions. Environ Microbiol 10:3337–3348
Briand E, Escoffier N, Straub C, Sabart M, Quiblier C, Humbert JF
(2009) Spatiotemporal changes in the genetic diversity of a bloomforming Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) population.
ISME J 3:419–429
Burrus V, Waldor MK (2004) Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements. Res Microbiol 155:376–386
Chen J, Novick RP (2009) Phage-mediated intergeneric transfer of
toxin genes. Science 323:139–141
Colwell R, Grimes DJ (2000) Nonculturable microorganisms in the
environment. ASM Press, Washington, DC
Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM, Speed DJ (1997) Sunlight
wavelengths inactivating faecal indicator microorganisms in waste
stabilization ponds. Water Sci Technol 35:219–225
Davies-Colley RJ, Donnison AM, Speed DJ, Ross CM, Nagels JW
(1999) Inactivation of faecal indicator microorganisms in waste
stabilisation ponds: interactions of environmental factors with
sunlight. Water Res 53:1220–1230
D’Costa VM et al (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature
477:457–461
Delecluse P (2008) The origin of climate changes. Rev Sci Tech Off Int
Epiz 27:309–317
Desnues B, Cuny C, Gre ´gori G, Dukan S, Aguilaniu H, Nystro ¨m T
(2003) Differential oxidative damage and expression of stress
defense regulons in culturable and non-culturable Escherichia coli
cells. EMBO Rep 4(4):400–404
Downing JA, Watson SB, McCauley E (2001) Predicting
Cyanobacteria dominance in lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
58:1905–1908
Dukan S, Nystro ¨m T (1998) Bacterial senescence: stasis results in
increased and differential oxidation of cytoplasmic proteins leading
to developmental induction of the heat shock regulon. Genes Dev
12:3431–3441
Edberg SC, Le Clerc H, Robertson J (2000) Escherichia coli: the best
biological drinking water indicator for public health protection.
J Appl Microbiol 88:1068–1168
Fajardo A, Martı ´nez JL (2008) Antibiotic as signals that trigger specific
bacterial responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:161–167
Fewtrell L, Bartram J (2001) Water quality: guidelines, standards and
health. World Health Organization water series. IWA Publishing,
London
Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE (2002) Legionella and Legionnaires’
disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:506–526
Frangeul L et al (2008) Highly plastic genome of Microcystis
aeruginosa PCC7806, a ubiquitous toxic freshwater cyanobacterium. BMC Genomics 9:274
Gagliardi JV, Karns JS (2002) Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7
in soil and on plant roots. Environ Microbiol 4:89–96
Garcia Armisen T, Servais P (2004) Enumeration of viable E. coli
in rivers and wastewaters by fluorescent in situ hybridization.
J Microbiol Methods 58:269–279
Garcia Armisen T, Servais P (2007) Respective contributions of point and
non point sources of E. coli and Enterococci in a large urbanised
watershed (the Seine river, France). J Environ Manage 82(4):512–518
Garrec N, Picard-Bonnaud F, Pourcher AM (2003) Occurrence of Listeria
sp. and L monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application:
effect of dewatering, liming and storage in tank on survival of Listeria
species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35:275–283
Garrett L (1996) The return of infectious disease. Foreign Aff 75:66–79
George I, Crop P, Servais P (2002) Fecal coliforms removal in wastewater treatment plants studied by plate counts and enzymatic
methods. Water Res 36:2607–2617
Guan TY, Holley RA (2003) Pathogen survival in swine manure
environments and transmission of human enteric illness–a review.
J Environ Qual 32:383–392
Hacker J, Kaper JB (2000) Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of
microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:641–679
Heuer H, Smalla K (2007) Manure and sulfadiazine synergistically
increased bacterial antibiotic resistance in soil over at least two
months. Environ Microbiol 9:657–666
Heuer H, Schmitt H, Smalla K (2011) Antibiotic resistance gene spread
due to manure application on agricultural fields. Curr Opin
Microbiol 14:236–243
Hijnen WAM, Beerendonck EF, Medema GJ (2006) Inactivation credit
of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in
water: a review. Water Res 40:3–22
Huysman F, Verstraete W, Brookes PC (1994) Effect of manuring
practices and increased copper concentrations on soil microbial
populations. Soil Biol Biochem 26:103–110
Kaestli M et al (2007) Sensitive and specific molecular detection of
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, in
the soil of Tropical Northern Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol
73:6891–6897
Karaolis DK, Somara S, Maneval DR Jr, Johnson JA, Kaper JB
(1999) A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a
type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria. Nature
399:375–379
Karci A, Balciog ˘lu IA (2009) Investigation of the tetracycline, sulfonamide, and fluoroquinolone antimicrobial compounds in animal
manure and agricultural soils in Turkey. Sci Total Environ
407:4652–4664
Kidd SE, Chow Y, Mak S, Bach PJ, Chen H, Hingston AO, Kronstad
JW, Bartlett KH (2007) Characterization of environmental sources
of the human and animal pathogen, Cryptococcus gattii, in British
Columbia, Canada, and Pacific Northwest USA. Appl Environ
Microbiol 73:1433–1443
Knapp S, Hacker J, Jarchau T, Goebel W (1986) Large, unstable inserts
in the chromosome affect virulence properties of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli O6 strain 536. J Bacteriol 168:22–30
Knapp CW, Zhang W, Sturm BS, Graham DW (2010) Differential fate
of erythromycin and beta-lactam resistance genes from swine
lagoon waste under different aquatic conditions. Environ Pollut
158:1506–1512
Koelle K, Pascual M, Yunus M (2005) Pathogen adaptation to seasonal
forcing and climate change. Proc R Soc B 272:971–977
Kogure K, Simidu U, Taga N (1979) A tentative direct microscopic
method for counting living marine bacteria. Can J Microbiol
25:415–420
Kong KF, Schneper L, Mathee K (2010) Beta-lactam antibiotics: from
antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology. APMIS 118:1–36
Kulasekara BR, Kulasekara HD, Wolfgang MC, Stevens L, Frank DW,
Lory S (2006) Acquisition and evolution of the exoU locus in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 188:4037–4050
Kummerer J (2003) The significance of antibiotics in the environment.
J Antimicrob Chemother 1:5–7
Kuske CR, Barns SM, Grow CC, Merrill L, Dunbar J (2006) Environmental survey for four pathogenic bacteria and closely related
species using phylogenetic and functional genes. J Forensic Sci
51:548–558
Lavenir R, Jocktane D, Laurent F, Nazaret S, Cournoyer B (2007)
Improved reliability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PCR detection
by the use of the species-specific ecfX gene target. J Microbiol
Methods 70:20–29
15 Environmental and Human Pathogenic Microorganisms
657