27
Pathogenicity
Invasion of the body may occur through wounds or as a result of damage infl icted
through parasites, weak pathogens or stress. Once inside the body tissues, further
damage may be infl icted as a result of exo- or endotoxins. The organism produces
haemolysins and lecithinase, which may well harm fi sh. Nevertheless, it should be
emphasised that the precise pathogenicity mechanisms have yet to be elucidated
(Udey et al. 1976 ).
Disease Control
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds Udey et al. ( 1977 ) reported that isolates were
sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin, penicillin and tetracycline
when examined by in vitro methods. It is possible that one or more of these compounds may be useful for chemoprophylaxis, but the value of any of these antimicrobial agents for chemotherapy is unproven. However, it seems likely that once the
pathogen has entered brain tissue, antimicrobial compounds would probably not be
able to reach the site of infection.
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Carnobacteriaceae Representative
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Car. maltoromaticum -Like Organisms
A total of 1286 whitefi sh (Coregonus cupeaformis) were recovered from the Great
Lakes, USA between 2003 and 2006 and subjected to microbiological examination
during which 23 carnobacterial isolates were recovered but pathogenicity not confi rmed in laboratory challenge experiments. These organisms were equated with
Car. maltoaromaticum- like organisms (Loch et al. 2008 ). Subsequent publications
have reported Car. maltoaromaticum- like organisms from stranded juvenile salmon
sharks Lamna ditropis) (Schaffer et al. 2013 ) and Car. maltoaromaticum from feral
salmon and trout in the USA (Loch et al. 2011 ).
Characteristics of the Disease
The organisms were associated with thickening [hyperplasia] of the air bladder
wall, splenomegaly, renal and splenic congestion, and accumulation of mucus exudate (Loch et al. 2008 ). The terms pseudokidney disease (Loch et al. 2011 ) and
meningoencephalitis (Schaffer et al. 2013 ) have been used to describe the disease.
Nephrocalcinosis was observed in some fi sh (Loch et al. 2011 ).
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Pathogenicity
Invasion of the body may occur through wounds or as a result of damage infl icted
through parasites, weak pathogens or stress. Once inside the body tissues, further
damage may be infl icted as a result of exo- or endotoxins. The organism produces
haemolysins and lecithinase, which may well harm fi sh. Nevertheless, it should be
emphasised that the precise pathogenicity mechanisms have yet to be elucidated
(Udey et al. 1976 ).
Disease Control
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds Udey et al. ( 1977 ) reported that isolates were
sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin, penicillin and tetracycline
when examined by in vitro methods. It is possible that one or more of these compounds may be useful for chemoprophylaxis, but the value of any of these antimicrobial agents for chemotherapy is unproven. However, it seems likely that once the
pathogen has entered brain tissue, antimicrobial compounds would probably not be
able to reach the site of infection.
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Carnobacteriaceae Representative
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Car. maltoromaticum -Like Organisms
A total of 1286 whitefi sh (Coregonus cupeaformis) were recovered from the Great
Lakes, USA between 2003 and 2006 and subjected to microbiological examination
during which 23 carnobacterial isolates were recovered but pathogenicity not confi rmed in laboratory challenge experiments. These organisms were equated with
Car. maltoaromaticum- like organisms (Loch et al. 2008 ). Subsequent publications
have reported Car. maltoaromaticum- like organisms from stranded juvenile salmon
sharks Lamna ditropis) (Schaffer et al. 2013 ) and Car. maltoaromaticum from feral
salmon and trout in the USA (Loch et al. 2011 ).
Characteristics of the Disease
The organisms were associated with thickening [hyperplasia] of the air bladder
wall, splenomegaly, renal and splenic congestion, and accumulation of mucus exudate (Loch et al. 2008 ). The terms pseudokidney disease (Loch et al. 2011 ) and
meningoencephalitis (Schaffer et al. 2013 ) have been used to describe the disease.
Nephrocalcinosis was observed in some fi sh (Loch et al. 2011 ).
Lactic Acid Bacteria