553
Probiotics
V. harveyi has been a target for probiotics with a number of micro-organisms demonstrated to be successful at prophylaxis if administered as feed additives (e.g.
Geng et al. 2012 ).
Dietary Supplements
Chaga Mushroom An ethanol extract of Chaga mushroom ( Inonotus obliquus )
fed at 1.0 and 2.0 % to kelp grouper ( Epinephelus bruneus ) for 30 days led to weight
gain, enhanced lysozyme, respiratory burst, anti-protease and serum bacteriocidal
activity and increased total protein albumin, globulin, erythrocyte, leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, haemoglobin, and haematocrit levels, and less mortalities after
challenge with V. harveyi (Harikrishnan et al. 2012a ).
Japanese Pepper Tree The benefi t of using Japanese pepper tree (Zanthoxylum
piperitum) as a dietary supplement dosed at 1.0 and 2.0 % to kelp grouper was
advocated with results revealing immunostimulation and reduction in mortalities
after experimental challenge (Harikrishnan et al. 2012b ).
Neem Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) leaf was fed to Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer )
fi ngerlings at 1–5 g/kg of feed for 2-weeks leading to improved growth, immunostimulation (increased anti-protease, bacteriocidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion production), and protection against experimental challenge
(Talpur and Ikhwanuddin 2013 ).
Kudzu The dietary administration of 1.0–2.0 % kudzu ( Pueraria thunbergiana )
extract for 1–4 weeks to kelp grouper led o weight gain, immunostimulation (erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, phagocytic ratio/index, and enhanced anti-protease
bacteriocidal, lysozyme and superoxide anion activities) and protection from challenge (Harikrishnan et al. 2012a , b , c , d , e ).
Chitooligosaccharides Dietary chitooligosaccharides dosed at 4 g/kg of feed for 8
weeks enhanced growth and immune function (leukocyte count, and lysozyme,
respiratory burst and superoxide dismutase activities) protected ovate pompano
( Trachinotus ovatus) against infection with V. harveyi (Lindell et al. 2012 ).
Garlic The value of garlic ( Allium sativum ) was reinforced by its use to control
infection in Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer ). In this study, garlic was added to diets
at 10 g/kg of feed, and fed to fi sh daily for two weeks, with the outcome that the
better growth occurred, and survival after challenge was improved (survival of the
experimental group = 83.35 % compared with 33.3 % of the controls). Also, immune
Vibrio harveyi (= V. carchariae = V. trachuri)
Probiotics
V. harveyi has been a target for probiotics with a number of micro-organisms demonstrated to be successful at prophylaxis if administered as feed additives (e.g.
Geng et al. 2012 ).
Dietary Supplements
Chaga Mushroom An ethanol extract of Chaga mushroom ( Inonotus obliquus )
fed at 1.0 and 2.0 % to kelp grouper ( Epinephelus bruneus ) for 30 days led to weight
gain, enhanced lysozyme, respiratory burst, anti-protease and serum bacteriocidal
activity and increased total protein albumin, globulin, erythrocyte, leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, haemoglobin, and haematocrit levels, and less mortalities after
challenge with V. harveyi (Harikrishnan et al. 2012a ).
Japanese Pepper Tree The benefi t of using Japanese pepper tree (Zanthoxylum
piperitum) as a dietary supplement dosed at 1.0 and 2.0 % to kelp grouper was
advocated with results revealing immunostimulation and reduction in mortalities
after experimental challenge (Harikrishnan et al. 2012b ).
Neem Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) leaf was fed to Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer )
fi ngerlings at 1–5 g/kg of feed for 2-weeks leading to improved growth, immunostimulation (increased anti-protease, bacteriocidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity, and superoxide anion production), and protection against experimental challenge
(Talpur and Ikhwanuddin 2013 ).
Kudzu The dietary administration of 1.0–2.0 % kudzu ( Pueraria thunbergiana )
extract for 1–4 weeks to kelp grouper led o weight gain, immunostimulation (erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, phagocytic ratio/index, and enhanced anti-protease
bacteriocidal, lysozyme and superoxide anion activities) and protection from challenge (Harikrishnan et al. 2012a , b , c , d , e ).
Chitooligosaccharides Dietary chitooligosaccharides dosed at 4 g/kg of feed for 8
weeks enhanced growth and immune function (leukocyte count, and lysozyme,
respiratory burst and superoxide dismutase activities) protected ovate pompano
( Trachinotus ovatus) against infection with V. harveyi (Lindell et al. 2012 ).
Garlic The value of garlic ( Allium sativum ) was reinforced by its use to control
infection in Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer ). In this study, garlic was added to diets
at 10 g/kg of feed, and fed to fi sh daily for two weeks, with the outcome that the
better growth occurred, and survival after challenge was improved (survival of the
experimental group = 83.35 % compared with 33.3 % of the controls). Also, immune
Vibrio harveyi (= V. carchariae = V. trachuri)