472
Isachsen CH, Vågnes Ø, Jakobsen RA, Samuelsen OB (2012) Antimicrobial susceptibility of
Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis strains isolated from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
in Norway. Dis Aquat Org 98:57–62
Jeffrey KR, Stone D, Feist SW, Verner-Jeffrey DW (2010) An outbreak of disease caused by
Francisella sp. in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at a recirculation fi sh farm in the UK. Dis
Aquat Org 91:161–165
Jensen WI, Owen CR, Jellison WJ (1969) Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the
Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethica ).
J Bacteriol 100:1237–1241
Kamashi T, Fukuda Y, Nishiyama M, Kawakami H, Matsuyama T, Yoshinaga T, Oseko N (2005)
Identifi cation and pathogenicity of intracellular Francisella bacterium in three-line grunt
Parapristipoma trilineatum . Fish Pathol 40:67–71
Leal CAG, Tavares GC, Figueiredo HCP (2014) Outbreaks and genetic diversity of Francisella
noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from farm-raised Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in
Brazil. Genet Mol Res 13:5704–5712
Lewisch E, Dressler A, Menanteau-Ledouble S, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M (2014) Francisellosis in
ornamental African cichlids in Austria. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 34:63–70
Mikalsen J, Colquhoun DJ (2010) Francisella asiatica sp. nov. isolated from farmed tilapia
(Oreochromis sp.) and elevation of Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis to species rank
as Francisella noatunensis comb. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59. doi:ijs.0.002139-0
Mikalsen J, Olsen AB, Tengs T, Colquhoun DJ (2007) Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis subsp. nov., isolated from farmed Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
57:1960–1965
Mikalsen J, Olsen AB, Rudra H, Moldal T, Lund H, Djønne B, Bergh Ø, Colquhoun DJ (2009)
Virulence and pathogenicity of Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis for Atlantic cod,
Gadus morhua L., and laboratory mice. J Fish Dis 32:377–381
Olsen AB, Mikalsen J, Rode M, Alfjorden A, Hoel E, Straum-Lie K, Haldorsen R, Colquhoun DJ
(2006) A novel systemic granulomatous infl ammatory disease in farmed Atlantic cod, Gadus
morhua L., associated with a bacterium belonging to the genus Francisella . J Fish Dis
29:307–311
Ostland VE, Stannard JA, Creek JJ, Hedrick RP, Ferguson HW, Carlberg JM, Westerman ME
(2006) Aquatic Francisella -like bacterium associated with mortalities of intensively cultured
hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M. Saxatilis. Dis Aquat Org 72:135–145
Ottem KF, Nylund A, Isaksen TE, Karlsbakk E, Bergh Ø (2008) Occurrence of Francisella piscicida in farmed and wild Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., in Norway. J Fish Dis 31:525–534
Ottem KF, Nylund A, Karlbakk E, Friis-Moller A, Kamaishi T (2009) Elevation of Francisella
philomiragia subsp. noatunensis Mikalsen et al (2007) to Francisella noatunensis comb nov.
[syn. Francisella piscicida Ottem et al. (2008) syn. nov.] and characterization of Francisella
noatunensis subsp. orientalis sp. nov., two important fi sh pathogens. J Appl Microbiol
106:1231–1243
Ritter DB, Gerloff RK (1966) Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization among some species of the
genus Pasteurella . J Bacteriol 92:1838–1939
Soto E, Hawke JP, Fernandez D, Morales JA (2009) Francisella sp., an emerging pathogen of
tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in Costa Rica. J Fish Dis 32:713–722
Soto E, Bowles K, Fernandez D, Hawke JP (2010a) Development of a real-time PCR assay for
identifi cation and quantifi cation of the fi sh pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp orientalis .
Dis Aquat Org 89:199–207
Soto E, Fernandez D, Thune R, Hawke JP (2010b) Interaction of Francisella asiatica with tilapia
( Oreochromis niloticus ) innate immunity. Infect Immun 78:2070–2078
Soto E, Endris RG, Hawke JP (2010c) In vitro and in vivo effi cacy of fl orfenicol for treatment of
Francisella asiatica infection of tilapia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4664–4670
Soto E, Wiles J, Elzer P, Macaluso K, Hawke JP (2011) Attenuated Francisella asiatica iglc mutant
induces protective immunity to francisellosis in tilapia. Vaccine 29:593–598
8 Francisellaceae Representatives
Isachsen CH, Vågnes Ø, Jakobsen RA, Samuelsen OB (2012) Antimicrobial susceptibility of
Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis strains isolated from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
in Norway. Dis Aquat Org 98:57–62
Jeffrey KR, Stone D, Feist SW, Verner-Jeffrey DW (2010) An outbreak of disease caused by
Francisella sp. in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at a recirculation fi sh farm in the UK. Dis
Aquat Org 91:161–165
Jensen WI, Owen CR, Jellison WJ (1969) Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the
Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethica ).
J Bacteriol 100:1237–1241
Kamashi T, Fukuda Y, Nishiyama M, Kawakami H, Matsuyama T, Yoshinaga T, Oseko N (2005)
Identifi cation and pathogenicity of intracellular Francisella bacterium in three-line grunt
Parapristipoma trilineatum . Fish Pathol 40:67–71
Leal CAG, Tavares GC, Figueiredo HCP (2014) Outbreaks and genetic diversity of Francisella
noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from farm-raised Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in
Brazil. Genet Mol Res 13:5704–5712
Lewisch E, Dressler A, Menanteau-Ledouble S, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M (2014) Francisellosis in
ornamental African cichlids in Austria. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 34:63–70
Mikalsen J, Colquhoun DJ (2010) Francisella asiatica sp. nov. isolated from farmed tilapia
(Oreochromis sp.) and elevation of Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis to species rank
as Francisella noatunensis comb. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59. doi:ijs.0.002139-0
Mikalsen J, Olsen AB, Tengs T, Colquhoun DJ (2007) Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis subsp. nov., isolated from farmed Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
57:1960–1965
Mikalsen J, Olsen AB, Rudra H, Moldal T, Lund H, Djønne B, Bergh Ø, Colquhoun DJ (2009)
Virulence and pathogenicity of Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis for Atlantic cod,
Gadus morhua L., and laboratory mice. J Fish Dis 32:377–381
Olsen AB, Mikalsen J, Rode M, Alfjorden A, Hoel E, Straum-Lie K, Haldorsen R, Colquhoun DJ
(2006) A novel systemic granulomatous infl ammatory disease in farmed Atlantic cod, Gadus
morhua L., associated with a bacterium belonging to the genus Francisella . J Fish Dis
29:307–311
Ostland VE, Stannard JA, Creek JJ, Hedrick RP, Ferguson HW, Carlberg JM, Westerman ME
(2006) Aquatic Francisella -like bacterium associated with mortalities of intensively cultured
hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M. Saxatilis. Dis Aquat Org 72:135–145
Ottem KF, Nylund A, Isaksen TE, Karlsbakk E, Bergh Ø (2008) Occurrence of Francisella piscicida in farmed and wild Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., in Norway. J Fish Dis 31:525–534
Ottem KF, Nylund A, Karlbakk E, Friis-Moller A, Kamaishi T (2009) Elevation of Francisella
philomiragia subsp. noatunensis Mikalsen et al (2007) to Francisella noatunensis comb nov.
[syn. Francisella piscicida Ottem et al. (2008) syn. nov.] and characterization of Francisella
noatunensis subsp. orientalis sp. nov., two important fi sh pathogens. J Appl Microbiol
106:1231–1243
Ritter DB, Gerloff RK (1966) Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization among some species of the
genus Pasteurella . J Bacteriol 92:1838–1939
Soto E, Hawke JP, Fernandez D, Morales JA (2009) Francisella sp., an emerging pathogen of
tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in Costa Rica. J Fish Dis 32:713–722
Soto E, Bowles K, Fernandez D, Hawke JP (2010a) Development of a real-time PCR assay for
identifi cation and quantifi cation of the fi sh pathogen Francisella noatunensis subsp orientalis .
Dis Aquat Org 89:199–207
Soto E, Fernandez D, Thune R, Hawke JP (2010b) Interaction of Francisella asiatica with tilapia
( Oreochromis niloticus ) innate immunity. Infect Immun 78:2070–2078
Soto E, Endris RG, Hawke JP (2010c) In vitro and in vivo effi cacy of fl orfenicol for treatment of
Francisella asiatica infection of tilapia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4664–4670
Soto E, Wiles J, Elzer P, Macaluso K, Hawke JP (2011) Attenuated Francisella asiatica iglc mutant
induces protective immunity to francisellosis in tilapia. Vaccine 29:593–598
8 Francisellaceae Representatives