471
DNA:DNA hybridisation of one strain (PQ1104) revealed 60.3 % homology
with Fr. noatunensis (Mikalsen and Colquhoun 2010 ).
Pathogenicity
As an intracellular pathogen located within tight vacuoles [in infected macrophages], the organism is able to resist serum killing, and invade head kidney macrophages and replicate within them causing apoptosis and cytotoxicity [within 24–36 h
after infection] (Soto et al. 2010b ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Development An attenuated mutant, Δ igl c, was protective in tilapia following administration by immersion with 10
7 CFU/ml for 30 min (RPS = 68.75 %)
or 180 min (RPS = 87.5 %) and immersion challenge with isolate WT (Soto et al.
2011 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds Florfenicol has been reported to be effective for the
treatment of tilapia when dosed orally at 15 mg/kg of fi sh/day for 10 days (Soto
et al. 2010c ).
Francisella spp.
Kamaishi et al. ( 2005 ) succeeded in establishing an experimental challenge, and
re-isolating the same organism, labeled as Francisella spp., from diseased fi sh.
References
Chern RS, Chao CB (1994) Outbreaks of disease caused by rickettsia-like organism in cultured
tilapias in Taiwan. Fish Pathol 29:61–71
Gjessing MC, Inami M, Weli SC, Ellingsen T, Falk K, Koppang EO, Kvellestad A (2011) Presence
and interaction of infl ammatory cells in the spleen of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., infected
with Francisella noatunensis . J Fish Dis 34:687–699
Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Steigerwalt AG, Wenger JD, Moss CW, Brenner DJ (1989) Francisella
philomiragia comb. nov. (formerly Yersinia philomiragia ) and Francisella tularensis biovar
novicida (formerly Francisella novicida ) associated with human disease. J Clin Microbiol
27:1601–1608
References
DNA:DNA hybridisation of one strain (PQ1104) revealed 60.3 % homology
with Fr. noatunensis (Mikalsen and Colquhoun 2010 ).
Pathogenicity
As an intracellular pathogen located within tight vacuoles [in infected macrophages], the organism is able to resist serum killing, and invade head kidney macrophages and replicate within them causing apoptosis and cytotoxicity [within 24–36 h
after infection] (Soto et al. 2010b ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Development An attenuated mutant, Δ igl c, was protective in tilapia following administration by immersion with 10
7 CFU/ml for 30 min (RPS = 68.75 %)
or 180 min (RPS = 87.5 %) and immersion challenge with isolate WT (Soto et al.
2011 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds Florfenicol has been reported to be effective for the
treatment of tilapia when dosed orally at 15 mg/kg of fi sh/day for 10 days (Soto
et al. 2010c ).
Francisella spp.
Kamaishi et al. ( 2005 ) succeeded in establishing an experimental challenge, and
re-isolating the same organism, labeled as Francisella spp., from diseased fi sh.
References
Chern RS, Chao CB (1994) Outbreaks of disease caused by rickettsia-like organism in cultured
tilapias in Taiwan. Fish Pathol 29:61–71
Gjessing MC, Inami M, Weli SC, Ellingsen T, Falk K, Koppang EO, Kvellestad A (2011) Presence
and interaction of infl ammatory cells in the spleen of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., infected
with Francisella noatunensis . J Fish Dis 34:687–699
Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Steigerwalt AG, Wenger JD, Moss CW, Brenner DJ (1989) Francisella
philomiragia comb. nov. (formerly Yersinia philomiragia ) and Francisella tularensis biovar
novicida (formerly Francisella novicida ) associated with human disease. J Clin Microbiol
27:1601–1608
References