442
By sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, the closest neighbour was T. litoreum
(homology = 98.4 %) ; the corresponding DNA:DNA hybridization value was 40.2 %
(Piñeiro-Vidal et al. 2008c ).
Pathogenicity
The descriptions of T. gallaicum contained a statement that pathogenicity had been
achieved in turbot and sole (Piñeiro-Vidal et al. 2007 , 2008c ).
Tenacibaculum maritimum (= Flexibacter
maritimus = Cytophaga marina)
Characteristics of the Diseases
Principal signs of disease caused by T. maritimum include mouth erosions, gill erosion and tail rot (Handlinger et al. 1997 ), especially in juvenile fi sh. In older animals, lesions develop initially as grey-white cutaneous areas on the fi ns, head and
trunk. These lesions degenerate into ulcers (Hikida et al. 1979 ; Wakabayashi et al.
1984 ). Two stages of disease appear to develop in salmonids in Australia: acute and
chronic. The acute form developed 2–3 days after challenge with high numbers of
cells 1 × 10
8 cells/ml, and was characterized by disintegration of the epithelium. The
chronic form started as small blisters on the epidermis, which led to ulceration
exposing the underlying musculature. Lesions developed on the fi ns and jaw; gill
necrosis occurred. There was lack of an infl ammatory response at higher challenge
doses, suggesting a role for toxins (Van Gelderen et al. 2011 ) The organism caused
ulcers in wedge sole ( Dicologoglossa cuneata ) in Spain (López et al. 2009 ). Black
patch necrosis of Dover sole in Scotland and bacterial stomatitis (= mouth rot) of
Atlantic salmon in Canada has been attributed to this pathogen (Bernardet et al.
1990 ; Ostland et al. 1999 ).
Isolation
Cytophaga agar, prepared in 70 % seawater, and TCY medium (Appendix in
Chap. 12 ; Hikida et al. 1979 ) have achieved success with the isolation of T. maritimum (Appendix in Chap. 12 ; Hikida et al. 1979 ).
7 Flavobacteria and Cytophagas
By sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, the closest neighbour was T. litoreum
(homology = 98.4 %) ; the corresponding DNA:DNA hybridization value was 40.2 %
(Piñeiro-Vidal et al. 2008c ).
Pathogenicity
The descriptions of T. gallaicum contained a statement that pathogenicity had been
achieved in turbot and sole (Piñeiro-Vidal et al. 2007 , 2008c ).
Tenacibaculum maritimum (= Flexibacter
maritimus = Cytophaga marina)
Characteristics of the Diseases
Principal signs of disease caused by T. maritimum include mouth erosions, gill erosion and tail rot (Handlinger et al. 1997 ), especially in juvenile fi sh. In older animals, lesions develop initially as grey-white cutaneous areas on the fi ns, head and
trunk. These lesions degenerate into ulcers (Hikida et al. 1979 ; Wakabayashi et al.
1984 ). Two stages of disease appear to develop in salmonids in Australia: acute and
chronic. The acute form developed 2–3 days after challenge with high numbers of
cells 1 × 10
8 cells/ml, and was characterized by disintegration of the epithelium. The
chronic form started as small blisters on the epidermis, which led to ulceration
exposing the underlying musculature. Lesions developed on the fi ns and jaw; gill
necrosis occurred. There was lack of an infl ammatory response at higher challenge
doses, suggesting a role for toxins (Van Gelderen et al. 2011 ) The organism caused
ulcers in wedge sole ( Dicologoglossa cuneata ) in Spain (López et al. 2009 ). Black
patch necrosis of Dover sole in Scotland and bacterial stomatitis (= mouth rot) of
Atlantic salmon in Canada has been attributed to this pathogen (Bernardet et al.
1990 ; Ostland et al. 1999 ).
Isolation
Cytophaga agar, prepared in 70 % seawater, and TCY medium (Appendix in
Chap. 12 ; Hikida et al. 1979 ) have achieved success with the isolation of T. maritimum (Appendix in Chap. 12 ; Hikida et al. 1979 ).
7 Flavobacteria and Cytophagas