332
rate of 100 ml of diluted (1:10 or 1:100) vaccine/454 g of feed to achieve doses
estimated at 5 × 10
7 and 5 × 10
6 CFU/g of feed, respectively, which was fed to channel catfi sh fi ngerlings with challenge after 30-days. The results revealed the RPS of
82.6–100 % for the lower dose, with even few mortalities occurring as a result of
feeding with the higher dose. Also, there was enhanced antibody production and
feed conversion (Wise et al. 2015 ).
Dietary supplementation of channel catfi sh with 4 % arginine and/or 2 % glutamine enhanced vaccine effi ciency, which was measured in terms of cellular and
humoral immunity, notably antibody titre and B-cell proportion in the head kidney
(Pohlenz et al. 2012 ).
Immunostimulants/Dietary Supplements Enriched, i.e. 2 % (w/v) levels of
dietary lysine fed to demand over 2 weeks led to resistance of channel catfi sh to
Edw. ictaluri (Alejandro-Buentello and Gatlin 2001 ). Eya and Lovell ( 1998 )
reported the benefi cial effect of dietary phosphorus at enhancing resistance of channel catfi sh to infection by Edw. ictaluri. Diets supplemented with 1–3 % of astaxanthin were fed to olive fl ounder for 15-days leading to immunostimulation and less
mortalities after challenge (Kim et al. 2012 ).
Vitamins, i.e. A, C and E, in diets are of value for controlling infections by Edw.
ictaluri (Lim et al. 2000 ). For example, vitamin E and iron sulphate, dosed at
2500 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg respectively, have been reported to be benefi cial in
enhancing the immune response of channel catfi sh, especially by improved phagocytosis, to Edw. ictaluri (Wise et al. 1993 ; Lim et al. 1996 ; Sealey et al. 1997 ).
A phytogenic feed additive (Digestarom), which contained the essential oils carvacrol, thymol, anethol, and limonene, was fed to cannel catfi sh for 6-weeks leading
to greater survival after challenge (69.5 % survival compared with 48.4 % of the
controls) (Peterson et al. 2015 ). Also, LPS and levamisole have been useful for
immunostimulation and for conferring resistance against challenge albeit when
administered by injection (Hang et al. 2014 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds Clinical cases of disease have been greatly reduced,
although not completely eliminated, using oxytetracycline, dosed at 2.5 g of
drug/45.4 kg body weight of fi sh/day for 4–5 days (Hawke 1979 ). Certainly, isolates
have been found to be susceptible to a wide range of inhibitory compounds, including cefaperazone, cinoxacin, fl orfenicol, kanamycin, moxalactam, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, oxolinic acid, streptomycin, ticarcillin and trimethoprim (Waltman and
Shotts 1986a ; Gaunt et al. 2003 ). Yet, plasmid mediated resistance to antimicrobial
compounds (including tetracycline) has been detected (Waltman et al. 1989 ).
Therefore, problems with chemotherapy may be envisaged in the future.
6 Enterobacteriaceae Representatives
rate of 100 ml of diluted (1:10 or 1:100) vaccine/454 g of feed to achieve doses
estimated at 5 × 10
7 and 5 × 10
6 CFU/g of feed, respectively, which was fed to channel catfi sh fi ngerlings with challenge after 30-days. The results revealed the RPS of
82.6–100 % for the lower dose, with even few mortalities occurring as a result of
feeding with the higher dose. Also, there was enhanced antibody production and
feed conversion (Wise et al. 2015 ).
Dietary supplementation of channel catfi sh with 4 % arginine and/or 2 % glutamine enhanced vaccine effi ciency, which was measured in terms of cellular and
humoral immunity, notably antibody titre and B-cell proportion in the head kidney
(Pohlenz et al. 2012 ).
Immunostimulants/Dietary Supplements Enriched, i.e. 2 % (w/v) levels of
dietary lysine fed to demand over 2 weeks led to resistance of channel catfi sh to
Edw. ictaluri (Alejandro-Buentello and Gatlin 2001 ). Eya and Lovell ( 1998 )
reported the benefi cial effect of dietary phosphorus at enhancing resistance of channel catfi sh to infection by Edw. ictaluri. Diets supplemented with 1–3 % of astaxanthin were fed to olive fl ounder for 15-days leading to immunostimulation and less
mortalities after challenge (Kim et al. 2012 ).
Vitamins, i.e. A, C and E, in diets are of value for controlling infections by Edw.
ictaluri (Lim et al. 2000 ). For example, vitamin E and iron sulphate, dosed at
2500 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg respectively, have been reported to be benefi cial in
enhancing the immune response of channel catfi sh, especially by improved phagocytosis, to Edw. ictaluri (Wise et al. 1993 ; Lim et al. 1996 ; Sealey et al. 1997 ).
A phytogenic feed additive (Digestarom), which contained the essential oils carvacrol, thymol, anethol, and limonene, was fed to cannel catfi sh for 6-weeks leading
to greater survival after challenge (69.5 % survival compared with 48.4 % of the
controls) (Peterson et al. 2015 ). Also, LPS and levamisole have been useful for
immunostimulation and for conferring resistance against challenge albeit when
administered by injection (Hang et al. 2014 ).
Antimicrobial Compounds Clinical cases of disease have been greatly reduced,
although not completely eliminated, using oxytetracycline, dosed at 2.5 g of
drug/45.4 kg body weight of fi sh/day for 4–5 days (Hawke 1979 ). Certainly, isolates
have been found to be susceptible to a wide range of inhibitory compounds, including cefaperazone, cinoxacin, fl orfenicol, kanamycin, moxalactam, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, oxolinic acid, streptomycin, ticarcillin and trimethoprim (Waltman and
Shotts 1986a ; Gaunt et al. 2003 ). Yet, plasmid mediated resistance to antimicrobial
compounds (including tetracycline) has been detected (Waltman et al. 1989 ).
Therefore, problems with chemotherapy may be envisaged in the future.
6 Enterobacteriaceae Representatives