323
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
B. Austin, D.A. Austin, Bacterial Fish Pathogens,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32674-0_6
Chapter 6
Enterobacteriaceae Representatives
Abstract A wide range of enteric bacteria, including representatives of
Edwardsiella, and Yersinia, have been associated with fi sh diseases; some of the
pathogens, e.g. Y. ruckeri, being responsible for large scale losses in aquaculture.
Some new species have been described, e.g. Edw. anguillarum and Edw. piscicida .
In addition to the organisms detailed below, there has been fl eeting mention of a
fi sh pathogenic role for Erwinia sp. (Starr MP, Chatterjee AV, Annu Rev Microbiol
26:289–426, (1972)) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Morse EG,
Greenwood DE, Meyers EP, Anderson VL, Duncan MA, J Exp Sci Health Part A
Environ Sci Eng 13:325–335, (1978)).
Keywords Enterics • Edwardsiellosis • ERM • Vaccines • Immunostimulants
Citrobacter freundii
Characteristics of the Disease
Historically, there have been brief references to Cit. freundii as a fi sh pathogen (see
Conroy 1986 ). Yet, defi nitive evidence was not forthcoming until a report of the
organism as a pathogen of sunfi sh, Mola mola in a Japanese aquarium (Sato et al.
1982 ). Subsequently, Cit. freundii has been implicated with disease in Atlantic
salmon and rainbow trout in Spain and the USA (Baya et al. 1990a ; Sanz 1991 ) and
with carp in India (Karunasagar et al. 1992 ). In addition, the organism has been
recovered in mixed culture from diseased salmonids in the UK (B. Austin, unpublished data). Consequently, it appears that Cit. freundii is an emerging fi sh
pathogen.
Diseased sunfi sh displayed erratic swimming, inappetance, eroded skin, surface
haemorrhages, enteritis, deep red spleen, pale liver and tumorous masses (granulomas) on the kidney (Sato et al. 1982 ). Similar signs have been observed in salmonids within the UK (B. Austin, unpublished data). In the initial disease outbreak,
25/29 animals (=86 % of the total) died (Sato et al. 1982 ).
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
B. Austin, D.A. Austin, Bacterial Fish Pathogens,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32674-0_6
Chapter 6
Enterobacteriaceae Representatives
Abstract A wide range of enteric bacteria, including representatives of
Edwardsiella, and Yersinia, have been associated with fi sh diseases; some of the
pathogens, e.g. Y. ruckeri, being responsible for large scale losses in aquaculture.
Some new species have been described, e.g. Edw. anguillarum and Edw. piscicida .
In addition to the organisms detailed below, there has been fl eeting mention of a
fi sh pathogenic role for Erwinia sp. (Starr MP, Chatterjee AV, Annu Rev Microbiol
26:289–426, (1972)) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Morse EG,
Greenwood DE, Meyers EP, Anderson VL, Duncan MA, J Exp Sci Health Part A
Environ Sci Eng 13:325–335, (1978)).
Keywords Enterics • Edwardsiellosis • ERM • Vaccines • Immunostimulants
Citrobacter freundii
Characteristics of the Disease
Historically, there have been brief references to Cit. freundii as a fi sh pathogen (see
Conroy 1986 ). Yet, defi nitive evidence was not forthcoming until a report of the
organism as a pathogen of sunfi sh, Mola mola in a Japanese aquarium (Sato et al.
1982 ). Subsequently, Cit. freundii has been implicated with disease in Atlantic
salmon and rainbow trout in Spain and the USA (Baya et al. 1990a ; Sanz 1991 ) and
with carp in India (Karunasagar et al. 1992 ). In addition, the organism has been
recovered in mixed culture from diseased salmonids in the UK (B. Austin, unpublished data). Consequently, it appears that Cit. freundii is an emerging fi sh
pathogen.
Diseased sunfi sh displayed erratic swimming, inappetance, eroded skin, surface
haemorrhages, enteritis, deep red spleen, pale liver and tumorous masses (granulomas) on the kidney (Sato et al. 1982 ). Similar signs have been observed in salmonids within the UK (B. Austin, unpublished data). In the initial disease outbreak,
25/29 animals (=86 % of the total) died (Sato et al. 1982 ).