132
(dose = 1.1–1.5 × 10
8 CFU/fi sh), i.e. Noc. soli, Noc. fl uminea and Noc. uniformis,
which were administered intraperitoneally, led to some benefi t. This was the case
with Noc. soli (RPS = ~65 %) and Noc. fl uminea , and more so with the low virulent
Noc. seriolae. The survivors were completely resistant to Noc. seriolae (Itano et al.
2006c ). Live attenuated cells of Myc. bovis, which comprise the BCG vaccine for
tuberculosis protected Japanese fl ounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) against Noc. seriolae with cumulative mortalities of only 21.4 % compared to 56.7 % of the controls
with the mode of action refl ecting production of bacteriolytic lysozymes (Kato et al.
2012 ). A sub-lethal dose of live cells and an inactivated preparation were evaluated
in ginbuna crucian carp ( Carassius auratus langsdorfi i ) leading to a high antibody
response on the 15th day after vaccination, although the levels declined thereafter.
After challenge, the RPS for the live and inactivated preparation was 62.5 % and
75 % respectively (Nayak et al. 2014 ). A DNA vaccine was developed using the
Antigen 85-like gene; an expression plasmid encoding the gene and codon- optimized
was injected i.m. into amberjack ( Seriola dumerili) leading to good survival 40-days
after challenge (Kato et al. 2014).
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds Isolates of Noc. seriolae recovered from Japan
during 1999 to 2001 were susceptible to kanamycin but uniformly resistant to fosfomycin and oxolinic acid. Some isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin,
kitasamycin and spiramycin. Of concern, multiple antibiotic-resistance was
observed in some cultures (Itano and Kawakami 2002 ).
Rhodococcus sp.
Characteristics of the Disease
In Canadian farmed chinook salmon, there was evidence of melanosis and ocular
oedema, leading to rupture of the cornea, and from which Gram-positive bacteria
were recovered. There was no evidence of involvement of any internal organs
(Backman et al. 1990 ). With Atlantic salmon, the presence of granulomas in the
kidney was apparent (Claveau 1991 ). Progressive low level mortalities were
recorded.
Isolation
Dense growth of two colony types was obtained from diseased tissue following
inoculation of blood agar, MacConkey agar (Appendix in Chap. 12 ) and TSA with
incubation at room temperature (19 °C) for up to 14 days. Both colony types were
also recovered from the kidney and spleen of chinook salmon with ocular lesions
(Backman et al. 1990 ; Claveau 1991 ).
3 Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci
(dose = 1.1–1.5 × 10
8 CFU/fi sh), i.e. Noc. soli, Noc. fl uminea and Noc. uniformis,
which were administered intraperitoneally, led to some benefi t. This was the case
with Noc. soli (RPS = ~65 %) and Noc. fl uminea , and more so with the low virulent
Noc. seriolae. The survivors were completely resistant to Noc. seriolae (Itano et al.
2006c ). Live attenuated cells of Myc. bovis, which comprise the BCG vaccine for
tuberculosis protected Japanese fl ounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) against Noc. seriolae with cumulative mortalities of only 21.4 % compared to 56.7 % of the controls
with the mode of action refl ecting production of bacteriolytic lysozymes (Kato et al.
2012 ). A sub-lethal dose of live cells and an inactivated preparation were evaluated
in ginbuna crucian carp ( Carassius auratus langsdorfi i ) leading to a high antibody
response on the 15th day after vaccination, although the levels declined thereafter.
After challenge, the RPS for the live and inactivated preparation was 62.5 % and
75 % respectively (Nayak et al. 2014 ). A DNA vaccine was developed using the
Antigen 85-like gene; an expression plasmid encoding the gene and codon- optimized
was injected i.m. into amberjack ( Seriola dumerili) leading to good survival 40-days
after challenge (Kato et al. 2014).
Use of Antimicrobial Compounds Isolates of Noc. seriolae recovered from Japan
during 1999 to 2001 were susceptible to kanamycin but uniformly resistant to fosfomycin and oxolinic acid. Some isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin,
kitasamycin and spiramycin. Of concern, multiple antibiotic-resistance was
observed in some cultures (Itano and Kawakami 2002 ).
Rhodococcus sp.
Characteristics of the Disease
In Canadian farmed chinook salmon, there was evidence of melanosis and ocular
oedema, leading to rupture of the cornea, and from which Gram-positive bacteria
were recovered. There was no evidence of involvement of any internal organs
(Backman et al. 1990 ). With Atlantic salmon, the presence of granulomas in the
kidney was apparent (Claveau 1991 ). Progressive low level mortalities were
recorded.
Isolation
Dense growth of two colony types was obtained from diseased tissue following
inoculation of blood agar, MacConkey agar (Appendix in Chap. 12 ) and TSA with
incubation at room temperature (19 °C) for up to 14 days. Both colony types were
also recovered from the kidney and spleen of chinook salmon with ocular lesions
(Backman et al. 1990 ; Claveau 1991 ).
3 Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci