131
Detection/Diagnosis
Molecular Methods A PCR detected 10
2 CFUs of Noc. seriolae in yellowtail
(Miyoshi and Suzuki 2003 ). A LAMP technique, which is a modern molecular
approach for rapidly amplifying DNA with a high degree of specifi city, has been
proposed for the rapid and sensitive detection of Noc. seriolae amplifying up to
10
3 CFU/ml [this was 10-fold more sensitive than PCR] (Itano et al. 2006a , b , c .
Pathogenicity
Natural infections with Noc. seriolae have occurred in China when 15 % losses
were reported in seawater cages with large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea)
during 2003 (Wang et al. 2005 ) . Yellowtail have been infected by i.p. and intradermal injection, immersion for 10 min and orally with LD 50 values of 1.9 × 10
2 ,
4.3 × 10
6 , 1.5 × 10
4
/ml, 1.7 × 10
7
, respectively (Itano et al. 2006b ). Co-habitation
worked also in achieving infection (Itano et al. 2006b ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Development Initial research was not promising (Kusuda and Nakagawa
1978 ; Shimahara et al. 2005 ), but subsequent research directed at controlling
Noc. seriolae infection in yellowtail by using live cells of a low virulent isolates of
the same taxon (dose = 3.1 × 10
4 or 10
5 CFU/fi sh) and other nocardial species
Table 3.2 (continued)
Character
Nocardia
asteroides
a
Noc.
caviae
a
Noc.
kampachi
b
Noc.
salmonicida
c
Noc.
seriolae
d
Sodium citrate
−
v
+
+
+
Sodium lactate
+
+
+
−
ND
Sodium malate
+
+
+
+
ND
Sodium malonate
−
−
v
−
ND
Sodium propionate +
+
+
+
ND
Sodium pyruvate
+
+
+
ND
ND
Sodium tartrate
−
−
v
−
−
Sorbitol, xylose
−
−
−
+/ND
ND
Starch, trehalose
v
v
−
ND
ND
a
From Goodfellow ( 1971 )
b
From Kusuda et al. ( 1974 )
c
From Isik et al. ( 1999 )
d
From Kudo et al. ( 1988 )
ND = not determined
v = variable response
Nocardiaceae Representatives
Detection/Diagnosis
Molecular Methods A PCR detected 10
2 CFUs of Noc. seriolae in yellowtail
(Miyoshi and Suzuki 2003 ). A LAMP technique, which is a modern molecular
approach for rapidly amplifying DNA with a high degree of specifi city, has been
proposed for the rapid and sensitive detection of Noc. seriolae amplifying up to
10
3 CFU/ml [this was 10-fold more sensitive than PCR] (Itano et al. 2006a , b , c .
Pathogenicity
Natural infections with Noc. seriolae have occurred in China when 15 % losses
were reported in seawater cages with large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea)
during 2003 (Wang et al. 2005 ) . Yellowtail have been infected by i.p. and intradermal injection, immersion for 10 min and orally with LD 50 values of 1.9 × 10
2 ,
4.3 × 10
6 , 1.5 × 10
4
/ml, 1.7 × 10
7
, respectively (Itano et al. 2006b ). Co-habitation
worked also in achieving infection (Itano et al. 2006b ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Development Initial research was not promising (Kusuda and Nakagawa
1978 ; Shimahara et al. 2005 ), but subsequent research directed at controlling
Noc. seriolae infection in yellowtail by using live cells of a low virulent isolates of
the same taxon (dose = 3.1 × 10
4 or 10
5 CFU/fi sh) and other nocardial species
Table 3.2 (continued)
Character
Nocardia
asteroides
a
Noc.
caviae
a
Noc.
kampachi
b
Noc.
salmonicida
c
Noc.
seriolae
d
Sodium citrate
−
v
+
+
+
Sodium lactate
+
+
+
−
ND
Sodium malate
+
+
+
+
ND
Sodium malonate
−
−
v
−
ND
Sodium propionate +
+
+
+
ND
Sodium pyruvate
+
+
+
ND
ND
Sodium tartrate
−
−
v
−
−
Sorbitol, xylose
−
−
−
+/ND
ND
Starch, trehalose
v
v
−
ND
ND
a
From Goodfellow ( 1971 )
b
From Kusuda et al. ( 1974 )
c
From Isik et al. ( 1999 )
d
From Kudo et al. ( 1988 )
ND = not determined
v = variable response
Nocardiaceae Representatives