117
Myc. montefi orense was recovered sporadically from granulomatous skin lesions
in captive moray eels in the USA (Levi et al. 2003 ).
Myc. neoaurum has been associated with ocular lesions (oedema; exophthalmia)
in Atlantic salmon (Backman et al. 1990 ). Nodules may form in the muscle, where
they are visible on the outside of the fi sh. These nodules may burst, releasing bacteria into the aquatic environment. Internally, nodules may develop on the organs,
leading to emaciation, or oedema or peritonitis may ensue. Infection may spread to
the skeleton, in which case deformities become apparent. Death will ultimately
occur (Van Duijn 1981 ).
Myc. pseudoshottsii was recovered from an epizootic of mycobacteriosis in
striped bass from Chesapeake Bay, USA (Rhodes et al. 2005 ). In addition, the
pathogen has been identifi ed in white perch ( Morone americana ) in the Corsica and
Rhode rivers, Maryland and striped bass in New York Bight (Stine et al. 2009 ) and
in diseased farmed fi sh in Japan (Nakanaga et al. 2012 ).
Myc. salmoniphilum has been recovered from burbot ( Lola lola ) in Norway.
External signs included exophthalmia, cataracts, petechiae and ulceration. Internally,
there were granulomas packed with acid-fast bacteria (Zerihun et al. 2011b , c ).
Atlantic cod was very susceptible to experimental infections, with disease signs
including granuloma in the internal organs (Zerihun et al. 2012 ). Also, the organism
has been linked to disease in farmed Russian sturgeon (Righetti et al. 2014 ) and in
Atlantic salmon within a freshwater recirculation system in Chile (Aro et al. 2014 ).
Myc. shottsii was described as the cause of an epizootic in striped bass from the
Chesapeake Bay. Infected fi sh had granulomatous lesions in the kidney and spleen,
and in the skin (Rhodes et al. 2003 ). Since then, the organism has been recognized
in striped bass from Albemarle Sound, North Carolina and the New York Bight, and
white perch in the Rhode River, Maryland (Stine et al. 2009 ).
A range or mycobacteria was recovered from various aquarium fi sh in Slovenia,
and based on molecular methods included Myc. chelonae, Myc. fortuitum, Myc.
gordonae, Myc. marinum, Myc. peregrinum and Mycobacterium spp. Of these Myc.
gordonae and Myc. peregrinum are new to fi sh pathology (Pate et al. 2005 ).
Unfortunately, the authors did not address the pathogenicity of the isolates.
Similarly, Rhodes et al. ( 2004c ) recovered a range of mycobacteria from striped
bass in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, and based on phenotypic traits included Myc.
interjectum, Myc. marinum, Myc. scrofulaceum, Myc. shottsii, Myc. szulgai and
Myc. triplex (Rhodes et al. 2004c ). Again, some of these taxa are new to fi sh pathology, and deserve further study. The message about the diversity of mycobacteria in
Chesapeake Bay fi sh was reinforced by work with Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia
tyrannus), which led to the recovery of Mycobacterium spp. from ulcers, and Myc.
fortuitum Myc. gordonae and Myc. marinum from spleen (Stine et al. 2005 ). In a
separate study, wild mullet with signs of mycobacteriosis from around Italy were
studied, and the causal agents reported to include Myc. fortuitum, Myc. abscessus,
Myc. fl avescens, Myc. chelonae, Myc. septicum and Myc. nonchromogenicum
(Varello et al. 2014 ). From a study of mycobacteriosis that occurred in Chinese
sturgeon ( Acipenser sinensis ) and Amur sturgeon ( Acipenser schrencki ) during
Mycobacteriaceae Representatives
Myc. montefi orense was recovered sporadically from granulomatous skin lesions
in captive moray eels in the USA (Levi et al. 2003 ).
Myc. neoaurum has been associated with ocular lesions (oedema; exophthalmia)
in Atlantic salmon (Backman et al. 1990 ). Nodules may form in the muscle, where
they are visible on the outside of the fi sh. These nodules may burst, releasing bacteria into the aquatic environment. Internally, nodules may develop on the organs,
leading to emaciation, or oedema or peritonitis may ensue. Infection may spread to
the skeleton, in which case deformities become apparent. Death will ultimately
occur (Van Duijn 1981 ).
Myc. pseudoshottsii was recovered from an epizootic of mycobacteriosis in
striped bass from Chesapeake Bay, USA (Rhodes et al. 2005 ). In addition, the
pathogen has been identifi ed in white perch ( Morone americana ) in the Corsica and
Rhode rivers, Maryland and striped bass in New York Bight (Stine et al. 2009 ) and
in diseased farmed fi sh in Japan (Nakanaga et al. 2012 ).
Myc. salmoniphilum has been recovered from burbot ( Lola lola ) in Norway.
External signs included exophthalmia, cataracts, petechiae and ulceration. Internally,
there were granulomas packed with acid-fast bacteria (Zerihun et al. 2011b , c ).
Atlantic cod was very susceptible to experimental infections, with disease signs
including granuloma in the internal organs (Zerihun et al. 2012 ). Also, the organism
has been linked to disease in farmed Russian sturgeon (Righetti et al. 2014 ) and in
Atlantic salmon within a freshwater recirculation system in Chile (Aro et al. 2014 ).
Myc. shottsii was described as the cause of an epizootic in striped bass from the
Chesapeake Bay. Infected fi sh had granulomatous lesions in the kidney and spleen,
and in the skin (Rhodes et al. 2003 ). Since then, the organism has been recognized
in striped bass from Albemarle Sound, North Carolina and the New York Bight, and
white perch in the Rhode River, Maryland (Stine et al. 2009 ).
A range or mycobacteria was recovered from various aquarium fi sh in Slovenia,
and based on molecular methods included Myc. chelonae, Myc. fortuitum, Myc.
gordonae, Myc. marinum, Myc. peregrinum and Mycobacterium spp. Of these Myc.
gordonae and Myc. peregrinum are new to fi sh pathology (Pate et al. 2005 ).
Unfortunately, the authors did not address the pathogenicity of the isolates.
Similarly, Rhodes et al. ( 2004c ) recovered a range of mycobacteria from striped
bass in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, and based on phenotypic traits included Myc.
interjectum, Myc. marinum, Myc. scrofulaceum, Myc. shottsii, Myc. szulgai and
Myc. triplex (Rhodes et al. 2004c ). Again, some of these taxa are new to fi sh pathology, and deserve further study. The message about the diversity of mycobacteria in
Chesapeake Bay fi sh was reinforced by work with Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia
tyrannus), which led to the recovery of Mycobacterium spp. from ulcers, and Myc.
fortuitum Myc. gordonae and Myc. marinum from spleen (Stine et al. 2005 ). In a
separate study, wild mullet with signs of mycobacteriosis from around Italy were
studied, and the causal agents reported to include Myc. fortuitum, Myc. abscessus,
Myc. fl avescens, Myc. chelonae, Myc. septicum and Myc. nonchromogenicum
(Varello et al. 2014 ). From a study of mycobacteriosis that occurred in Chinese
sturgeon ( Acipenser sinensis ) and Amur sturgeon ( Acipenser schrencki ) during
Mycobacteriaceae Representatives