Burlew, J. S. (1953). Algal culture: From laboratory to pilot plant (1st ed.). Washington: Carnegie
Institution of Washington.
Camacho, R. F., Fernández, F. G. A., Pérez, J. A. S., Camacho, F. G., & Grima, E. M. (1999).
Prediction of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration profiles in tubular
photobioreactors for microalgal culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 62, 71–86.
Carvalho, J. C. M., Matsudo, M. C., Bezerra, R. P., Ferreira-Camargo, L. S., & Sato, S. (2014).
Microalgae bioreactors. In R. Bajpai, A. Prokop, & M. Zappi (Eds.), Algal biorefineries (Vol.
1, pp. 83–126). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Chang, J. S., Show, P. L., Ling, T. C., Chen, C. Y., Ho, S. H., Tan, C. H., et al. (2017).
Photobioreactors. In C. Larroche, M. Sanroman, G. Du, & A. Pandey (Eds.), Current
developments in biotechnology and bioengineering: Bioprocesses, bioreactors and controls
(pp. 313–352). Atlanta: Elsevier.
Cheng-Wu, Z., Zmora, O., Kopel, R., & Richmond, A. (2001). An industrialsize flat glass reactor
for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). Aquaculture, 195, 35–49.
Chew, K. W., Yap, J. Y., Show, P. L., Suan, N. H., Juan, J. C., Ling, T. C., et al. (2017).
Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 229,
53–62.
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294–306.
Chisti, Y. (2013). Raceways-based production of algal crude oil In C. Posten & C. Walter (Eds.),
Microalgal biotechnology: Potential and production (pp. 197–216). Berlin: de Gruyter.
Chisti, Y. (2016). Large-scale production of algal biomass: Raceway ponds. In F. Bux & Y. Chisti
(Eds.), Algae biotechnology: Products and processes (pp. 21–40). New York: Springer.
Chiu, S. Y., Tsai, M. T., Kao, C. Y., Ong, S. C., & Lin, C. S. (2009). The air-lift photobioreactors
with flow patterning for high-density cultures of microalgae and carbon dioxide removal.
Engineering in Life Sciences, 9, 254–260.
Collotta, M., Champagne, P., Busi, L., & Alberti, M. (2017). Comparative LCA of flocculation for
the harvesting of microalgae for biofuels production. Procedia CIRP, 61, 756760.
Cook, P. M. (1950). Some problems in the large-scale culture of Chlorella (pp. 53–75). Yellow
Springs, OH: The Culture Foundation.
Crowe, B., Attalah, S., Agrawal, S., Waller, P., Ryan, R., Van Wagenen, J., et al. (2012).
A comparison of Nannochloropsis salina growth performance in two outdoor pond designs:
Conventional raceways versus the arid pond with superior temperature management.
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2012, 9–21.
Cuaresma, M., Janssen, M., Vílchez, C., & Wijffels, R. H. (2009). Productivity of Chlorella
sorokiniana in a short light-path (SLP) panel photobioreactor under high irradiance.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 104, 352–359.
de Godos, I., Mendoza, J. L., Acién, F. G., Molina, E., Banks, C. J., Heaven, S., et al. (2014).
Evaluation of carbon dioxide mass transfer in raceway reactors for microalgae culture using
flue gases. Bioresource Technology, 153, 307–314.
Department of Energy (DOE). (2010). National algal biofuels technology roadmap, viewed August
24, 2016,.
Eustance, E., Badvipour, S., Wray, J. T., & Sommerfeld, M. R. (2015). Biomass productivity of
two Scenedesmus strains cultivated semi-continuously in outdoor raceway ponds and flat-panel
photobioreactors. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28, 1471–1483.
Faried, M., Samer, M., Abdelsalam, E., Yousef, R. S., Attia, Y. A., & Ali, A. S. (2017). Biodiesel
production from microalgae: Processes, technologies and recent advancements. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 893–913.
Fernandes, B. D., Mota, A., Ferreira, A., Dragone, D., Teixeira, J. A., & Vicente, A. A. (2014).
Characterization of split cylinder airlift photobioreactors for efficient microalgae cultivation.
Chemical Engineering Science, 117, 445–454.
Fernandez, F. G. A., Camacho, A. C., Pérez, J. A. S., Sevilla, J. M. F., & Grima, E. M. (1997).
A model for light distribution and average solar irradiance inside outdoor tubular photobioreactors for the microalgal mass culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 55, 701–714.
2 Microalgal Production Systems with Highlights …
29
Institution of Washington.
Camacho, R. F., Fernández, F. G. A., Pérez, J. A. S., Camacho, F. G., & Grima, E. M. (1999).
Prediction of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration profiles in tubular
photobioreactors for microalgal culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 62, 71–86.
Carvalho, J. C. M., Matsudo, M. C., Bezerra, R. P., Ferreira-Camargo, L. S., & Sato, S. (2014).
Microalgae bioreactors. In R. Bajpai, A. Prokop, & M. Zappi (Eds.), Algal biorefineries (Vol.
1, pp. 83–126). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Chang, J. S., Show, P. L., Ling, T. C., Chen, C. Y., Ho, S. H., Tan, C. H., et al. (2017).
Photobioreactors. In C. Larroche, M. Sanroman, G. Du, & A. Pandey (Eds.), Current
developments in biotechnology and bioengineering: Bioprocesses, bioreactors and controls
(pp. 313–352). Atlanta: Elsevier.
Cheng-Wu, Z., Zmora, O., Kopel, R., & Richmond, A. (2001). An industrialsize flat glass reactor
for mass production of Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). Aquaculture, 195, 35–49.
Chew, K. W., Yap, J. Y., Show, P. L., Suan, N. H., Juan, J. C., Ling, T. C., et al. (2017).
Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 229,
53–62.
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294–306.
Chisti, Y. (2013). Raceways-based production of algal crude oil In C. Posten & C. Walter (Eds.),
Microalgal biotechnology: Potential and production (pp. 197–216). Berlin: de Gruyter.
Chisti, Y. (2016). Large-scale production of algal biomass: Raceway ponds. In F. Bux & Y. Chisti
(Eds.), Algae biotechnology: Products and processes (pp. 21–40). New York: Springer.
Chiu, S. Y., Tsai, M. T., Kao, C. Y., Ong, S. C., & Lin, C. S. (2009). The air-lift photobioreactors
with flow patterning for high-density cultures of microalgae and carbon dioxide removal.
Engineering in Life Sciences, 9, 254–260.
Collotta, M., Champagne, P., Busi, L., & Alberti, M. (2017). Comparative LCA of flocculation for
the harvesting of microalgae for biofuels production. Procedia CIRP, 61, 756760.
Cook, P. M. (1950). Some problems in the large-scale culture of Chlorella (pp. 53–75). Yellow
Springs, OH: The Culture Foundation.
Crowe, B., Attalah, S., Agrawal, S., Waller, P., Ryan, R., Van Wagenen, J., et al. (2012).
A comparison of Nannochloropsis salina growth performance in two outdoor pond designs:
Conventional raceways versus the arid pond with superior temperature management.
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2012, 9–21.
Cuaresma, M., Janssen, M., Vílchez, C., & Wijffels, R. H. (2009). Productivity of Chlorella
sorokiniana in a short light-path (SLP) panel photobioreactor under high irradiance.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 104, 352–359.
de Godos, I., Mendoza, J. L., Acién, F. G., Molina, E., Banks, C. J., Heaven, S., et al. (2014).
Evaluation of carbon dioxide mass transfer in raceway reactors for microalgae culture using
flue gases. Bioresource Technology, 153, 307–314.
Department of Energy (DOE). (2010). National algal biofuels technology roadmap, viewed August
24, 2016,
Eustance, E., Badvipour, S., Wray, J. T., & Sommerfeld, M. R. (2015). Biomass productivity of
two Scenedesmus strains cultivated semi-continuously in outdoor raceway ponds and flat-panel
photobioreactors. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28, 1471–1483.
Faried, M., Samer, M., Abdelsalam, E., Yousef, R. S., Attia, Y. A., & Ali, A. S. (2017). Biodiesel
production from microalgae: Processes, technologies and recent advancements. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 893–913.
Fernandes, B. D., Mota, A., Ferreira, A., Dragone, D., Teixeira, J. A., & Vicente, A. A. (2014).
Characterization of split cylinder airlift photobioreactors for efficient microalgae cultivation.
Chemical Engineering Science, 117, 445–454.
Fernandez, F. G. A., Camacho, A. C., Pérez, J. A. S., Sevilla, J. M. F., & Grima, E. M. (1997).
A model for light distribution and average solar irradiance inside outdoor tubular photobioreactors for the microalgal mass culture. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 55, 701–714.
2 Microalgal Production Systems with Highlights …
29