Szmant, A. M., 2002. Nutrient enrichment on coral reefs: is it
a major cause of coral reef decline? Estuaries, 25, 743–766.
Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D’Antonio, C., Dobson, A.,
Howarth, R., Schindler, D., Schlesinger, W. H., Simberloff, D.,
and Swackhamer, D., 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven
global environmental change. Science, 292, 281–284.
Tomascik, T., and Sander, F., 1985. Effects of eutrophication on
reef-building corals. 1. Growth rate of the reef-building coral
Montastrea annularis. Marine Biology, 87, 143–155.
U.S. Department of Health E, and Welfare, 1964. Smoking and
health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General
of the Public Health Service. Public health service publication
number, 1103, Washington, DC, USA.
van Woesik, R., Tomascik, T., and Blake, S., 1999. Coral assemblages and physico-chemical characteristics of the Whitsunday
Islands: evidence of recent community changes. Marine and
Freshwater Research, 50, 427–440.
Vaquer-Sunye, R., and Duarte, C. M., 2008. Thresholds of hypoxia
for marine biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 15452–15457.
Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson,
P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., and Tilman D.G.,
1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources
and consequences. Ecological Applications, 7, 737–750.
Vollenweider, R. A., 1992. Coastal marine eutrophication: principles and control. In: Vollenweider, R. A., Marchetti, R., and
Viviani, R. (eds.), Marine Coastal Eutrophication. Amsterdam:
Elsevier, pp. 1–20.
Weber, M., Lott, C., and Fabricius, K., 2006. Different levels of sedimentation stress in a scleractinian coral exposed to terrestrial
and marine sediments with contrasting physical, geochemical
and organic properties. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 336, 18–32.
West, J. M., and Salm, R. V., 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral
bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. Conservation Biology, 17, 956–967.
Wilkinson, C., 2004. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004.
Townsville, Queensland, Australia: Australian Institute of
Marine Science.
Wolanski, E., Fabricius, K., Spagnol, S., and Brinkman, R., 2005.
Fine sediment budget on an inner-shelf coral-fringed island,
Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf
Science, 65, 153–158.
Wolanski, E., Richmond, R., and McCook, L., 2004. A model of the
effects of land-based, human activities on the health of coral
reefs in the Great Barrier Reef and in Fouha Bay, Guam, Micronesia. Journal of Marine Systems, 46, 133–144.
Wooldridge, S., Done, T., Berkelmans, R., Jones, R., and Marshall, P.,
2005. Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming
climate: a belief network approach. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 295, 157–169.
Yentsch, C. S., Yentsch, C. M., Cullen, J. J., Lapointe, B., Phinney,
D. A., and Yentsch, S. W., 2002. Sunlight and water transparency: cornerstones in coral research. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 268, 171–183.
Cross-references
Adaptation
Algae, Coralline
Algae-Macro
Algae,Turf
Bioerosion
Bioturbation
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Conservation and Marine Protection Areas
Corals: Biology, Skeletal Deposition, and Reef-Building
Corals: Environmental Controls on Growth
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO
FORAM Index
Lagoon Circulation
Microbes
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Octocorallia
Reef Classification by Fairbridge (1950)
Reef Classification by Hopley (1982)
Reef Classification by Maxwell (1968)
Reef Restoration
Sediments, Properties
Scleractinia, Evolution and Taxonomy
Sediment Durability
Symbiosis; Zooxanthellae
Temperature Change: Bleaching
West Indian Coral Reef Classification
NUTRIENT POLLUTION/EUTROPHICATION
731
a major cause of coral reef decline? Estuaries, 25, 743–766.
Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D’Antonio, C., Dobson, A.,
Howarth, R., Schindler, D., Schlesinger, W. H., Simberloff, D.,
and Swackhamer, D., 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven
global environmental change. Science, 292, 281–284.
Tomascik, T., and Sander, F., 1985. Effects of eutrophication on
reef-building corals. 1. Growth rate of the reef-building coral
Montastrea annularis. Marine Biology, 87, 143–155.
U.S. Department of Health E, and Welfare, 1964. Smoking and
health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General
of the Public Health Service. Public health service publication
number, 1103, Washington, DC, USA.
van Woesik, R., Tomascik, T., and Blake, S., 1999. Coral assemblages and physico-chemical characteristics of the Whitsunday
Islands: evidence of recent community changes. Marine and
Freshwater Research, 50, 427–440.
Vaquer-Sunye, R., and Duarte, C. M., 2008. Thresholds of hypoxia
for marine biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 15452–15457.
Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson,
P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., and Tilman D.G.,
1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources
and consequences. Ecological Applications, 7, 737–750.
Vollenweider, R. A., 1992. Coastal marine eutrophication: principles and control. In: Vollenweider, R. A., Marchetti, R., and
Viviani, R. (eds.), Marine Coastal Eutrophication. Amsterdam:
Elsevier, pp. 1–20.
Weber, M., Lott, C., and Fabricius, K., 2006. Different levels of sedimentation stress in a scleractinian coral exposed to terrestrial
and marine sediments with contrasting physical, geochemical
and organic properties. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 336, 18–32.
West, J. M., and Salm, R. V., 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral
bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. Conservation Biology, 17, 956–967.
Wilkinson, C., 2004. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004.
Townsville, Queensland, Australia: Australian Institute of
Marine Science.
Wolanski, E., Fabricius, K., Spagnol, S., and Brinkman, R., 2005.
Fine sediment budget on an inner-shelf coral-fringed island,
Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf
Science, 65, 153–158.
Wolanski, E., Richmond, R., and McCook, L., 2004. A model of the
effects of land-based, human activities on the health of coral
reefs in the Great Barrier Reef and in Fouha Bay, Guam, Micronesia. Journal of Marine Systems, 46, 133–144.
Wooldridge, S., Done, T., Berkelmans, R., Jones, R., and Marshall, P.,
2005. Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming
climate: a belief network approach. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 295, 157–169.
Yentsch, C. S., Yentsch, C. M., Cullen, J. J., Lapointe, B., Phinney,
D. A., and Yentsch, S. W., 2002. Sunlight and water transparency: cornerstones in coral research. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 268, 171–183.
Cross-references
Adaptation
Algae, Coralline
Algae-Macro
Algae,Turf
Bioerosion
Bioturbation
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Conservation and Marine Protection Areas
Corals: Biology, Skeletal Deposition, and Reef-Building
Corals: Environmental Controls on Growth
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO
FORAM Index
Lagoon Circulation
Microbes
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Octocorallia
Reef Classification by Fairbridge (1950)
Reef Classification by Hopley (1982)
Reef Classification by Maxwell (1968)
Reef Restoration
Sediments, Properties
Scleractinia, Evolution and Taxonomy
Sediment Durability
Symbiosis; Zooxanthellae
Temperature Change: Bleaching
West Indian Coral Reef Classification
NUTRIENT POLLUTION/EUTROPHICATION
731