geological history, dispersal/establishment ability, and the
evolutionary appearance of respective species.
Regional distribution patterns of mangroves are
further influenced by habitat availability and local environmental factors such as rainfall, estuary size, and tides.
In Australia (Duke, 2006), two major environmental factors, temperature and rainfall, largely explain regional distributions where low temperatures limit the latitudinal
extent of species – affecting the pool of available species.
The relative number of species is also highest in areas of
higher rainfall. Species richness declines generally with
increasing latitude on north-south coastlines and groupings
of islands. In general, species diversity in mangrove stands
of equal size is greatest in wet equatorial areas. However,
where rainfall is comparable, species diversity is higher in
longer estuaries with larger catchments. The influence of
rainfall, therefore, not only comes from rain falling directly
on mangrove stands, but also as it influences runoff volume
from upstream catchments.
At the local scale, individual mangrove species usually
occupy only part of an estuary from sea mouth to tidal
limit upstream (Duke et al., 1998). Species generally display a preferred estuarine range based on the overall
salinity tolerance. For instance, species like Avicennia
marina, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba commonly occur in downstream locations. By comparison,
Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and
Bruguiera sexangula are found upstream in larger,
Mangroves, Table 1 (Continued)
Families with
mangroves
Family relatives of
mangrove taxa
Family
genera
Mangrove
genera
Non-mangrove
Mangrove
spp.
Species of mangroves
Ceriops
0
4
Ceriops australis
Ceriops decandra
Ceriops tagal
Ceriops zippeliana
Kandelia
0
2
Kandelia candel
Kandelia obovata
Rhizophora
0
1 1
Rhizophora
X annamalayana
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora
X lamarckii
Rhizophora
mucronata
Rhizophora
samoensis
Rhizophora X selala
Rhizophora stylosa
Rhizophora
X tomlinsonii*
Rhizophora mangleþ
Rhizophora racemosa
Rhizophora
X harrisonii
Rubiaceae
Coffee, Gardinia, Quinine
500
Scyphiphora
0
1
Scyphiphora
hydrophylacea
Sonneratiaceae
Duabanga
2
Sonneratia
0
9
Sonneratia alba
(or Lythraceae)
Sonneratia apetala
Sonneratia caseolaris
Sonneratia griffithi
Sonneratia X gulngai
Sonneratia
X hainanensis
Sonneratia lanceolata
Sonneratia ovata
Sonneratia X urama
Sterculiaceae
Cocoa, Kola, Bottle trees
70
Heritiera
29
3
Heritiera fomes
(or Malvaceae)
Heritiera globosa
Heritiera littoralis
Genera marked with an asterisk have been classified previously comprising their own family, named: Diospyraceae, Barringtoniaceae,
Aegicerataceae, Nypaceae, Aegialitidaceae, and Pellicieraceae, respectively. Species region codes: regular font refers to those from the
Indo-West Pacific; underlined names occur in the Atlantic East Pacific; bold underlined occur naturally in both; þ indicates species introduced to, and established in, the other region
*See Duke (2010)
660
MANGROVES
evolutionary appearance of respective species.
Regional distribution patterns of mangroves are
further influenced by habitat availability and local environmental factors such as rainfall, estuary size, and tides.
In Australia (Duke, 2006), two major environmental factors, temperature and rainfall, largely explain regional distributions where low temperatures limit the latitudinal
extent of species – affecting the pool of available species.
The relative number of species is also highest in areas of
higher rainfall. Species richness declines generally with
increasing latitude on north-south coastlines and groupings
of islands. In general, species diversity in mangrove stands
of equal size is greatest in wet equatorial areas. However,
where rainfall is comparable, species diversity is higher in
longer estuaries with larger catchments. The influence of
rainfall, therefore, not only comes from rain falling directly
on mangrove stands, but also as it influences runoff volume
from upstream catchments.
At the local scale, individual mangrove species usually
occupy only part of an estuary from sea mouth to tidal
limit upstream (Duke et al., 1998). Species generally display a preferred estuarine range based on the overall
salinity tolerance. For instance, species like Avicennia
marina, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba commonly occur in downstream locations. By comparison,
Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and
Bruguiera sexangula are found upstream in larger,
Mangroves, Table 1 (Continued)
Families with
mangroves
Family relatives of
mangrove taxa
Family
genera
Mangrove
genera
Non-mangrove
Mangrove
spp.
Species of mangroves
Ceriops
0
4
Ceriops australis
Ceriops decandra
Ceriops tagal
Ceriops zippeliana
Kandelia
0
2
Kandelia candel
Kandelia obovata
Rhizophora
0
1 1
Rhizophora
X annamalayana
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora
X lamarckii
Rhizophora
mucronata
Rhizophora
samoensis
Rhizophora X selala
Rhizophora stylosa
Rhizophora
X tomlinsonii*
Rhizophora mangleþ
Rhizophora racemosa
Rhizophora
X harrisonii
Rubiaceae
Coffee, Gardinia, Quinine
500
Scyphiphora
0
1
Scyphiphora
hydrophylacea
Sonneratiaceae
Duabanga
2
Sonneratia
0
9
Sonneratia alba
(or Lythraceae)
Sonneratia apetala
Sonneratia caseolaris
Sonneratia griffithi
Sonneratia X gulngai
Sonneratia
X hainanensis
Sonneratia lanceolata
Sonneratia ovata
Sonneratia X urama
Sterculiaceae
Cocoa, Kola, Bottle trees
70
Heritiera
29
3
Heritiera fomes
(or Malvaceae)
Heritiera globosa
Heritiera littoralis
Genera marked with an asterisk have been classified previously comprising their own family, named: Diospyraceae, Barringtoniaceae,
Aegicerataceae, Nypaceae, Aegialitidaceae, and Pellicieraceae, respectively. Species region codes: regular font refers to those from the
Indo-West Pacific; underlined names occur in the Atlantic East Pacific; bold underlined occur naturally in both; þ indicates species introduced to, and established in, the other region
*See Duke (2010)
660
MANGROVES