2005. Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming.
Science, 310, 657–660.
Chappell, J., 1974. Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New
Guinea: a study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea level
changes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 553–570.
Chappell, J., 1980. Coral morphology, diversity and reef growth.
Nature, 286, 249–252.
Chappell, J., 2002. Sea level changes forced ice breakouts in the
Last Glacial cycle: new results from coral terraces. Quaternary
Science Reviews, 21, 1229–1240.
Chappell, J., and Polach, H. A., 1976. Holocene sea-level change
and reef growth at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87, 235–239.
Chappell, J., and Polach, H., 1991. Postglacial sea-level rise from
a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua-New-Guinea. Nature,
349, 147–149.
Chappell, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1986. Oxygen isotopes and sea
level. Nature, 324, 134–140.
Chappell, J., and Veeh, H. H., 1978. Late Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes at Timor and Atauro Island. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 89, 356–368.
Chen, J. H., Curran, H. A., White, B., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1991.
Precise chronology of the last interglacial period: 234U-230Th
data from fossil coral reefs in the Bahamas. Geological Society
of America Bulletin, 103, 82–97.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Broecker, W. S., Denton, G. H., Kong,
X., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., and Wang, X., 2009. Ice age terminations. Science, 326, 248–252.
Collins, L. B., Zhu, Z. R., Wyrwoll, K. H., Hatcher, B. G., Playford,
P. E., Chen, J. H., Eisenhauer, A., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1993.
Late Quaternary evolution of coral reefs on a cool-water carbonate margin: the Abrolhos carbonate platforms, southwest
Australia. Marine Geology, 110, 203–212.
Coyne, M. K., Jones, B., and Ford, D., 2007. Highstands during
Marine Isotope Stage 5: evidence from the Ironshore Formation
of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 26, 536–559.
Cuffey, K. M., and Marshall, S. J., 2000. Substantial contribution to
sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice
sheet. Nature, 404, 591–594.
Curran, H. A., and White, B., 1989. The Cockburn Town fossil coral
reef of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. In Curran, H. A. (ed.),
Pleistocene and Holocene Carbonate Environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 28th International Geological Congress
Field Trip Guidebook T175, 27–34.
Edinger, E. N., Pandolfi, J. M., and Kelley, R. A., 2001. Community
structure of Quaternary reefs compared with Recent life and
death assemblages. Paleobiology, 27, 669–694.
Edinger, E. N., Burr, G. S., Pandolfi, J. M., and Ortiz, J. C., 2007.
Age accuracy and resolution of Quaternary corals used as proxies for sea level. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 253,
37–49.
Edwards, R. L., Beck, J. W., Burr, G. S., Donahue, D. J., Chappell,
J. M. A., Bloom, A. L., Druffel, E. R. M., and Taylor, F. W.,
1993. A large drop in atmospheric C-14/C-12 and reduced melting in the Younger Dryas, documented with Th-230 ages of
corals. Science, 260, 962–968.
Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Murrell, M. T., and Goldstein, S. J.,
1997. Protactinium-231 dating of carbonates by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry: implications for Quaternary climate
change. Science, 276, 782–786.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1987. 238U234U-230Th-232Th systematics and the precise measurement
of time over the past 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 81, 175–192.
Eisenhauer, A., Zhu, Z. R., Collins, L. B., Wyrwoll, K. H., and
Eichstätter, R., 1996. The Last Interglacial sea level change:
new evidence from the Abrolhos islands, West Australia.
Geologische Rundschau, 85, 606–614.
Esat, T. M., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J., Pillans, B., and Omura,
A., 1999. Rapid fluctuations in sea level recorded at Huon Peninsula during the penultimate deglaciation. Science, 283,
197–201.
Fairbanks, R. G., 1989. A 17,000-year long glacio-eustatic sea level
record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas
event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342, 637–642.
Fairbanks, R. G., and Matthews, R. K., 1978. The marine oxygen
isotope record in Pleistocene coral, Barbados, West Indies. Quaternary Research, 10, 181–196.
Fruijtier, C., Elliott, T., and Schlager, W., 2000. Mass-spectrometric
U-234-Th-230 ages from the Key Largo Formation, Florida
Keys, United States: constraints on diagenetic age disturbance.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 267–277.
Gallup, C. D., Edwards, R. L., and Johnson, R. G., 1994. The timing
of high sea levels over the past 200,000 years. Science, 263,
796–780.
Gallup, C. D., Cheng, H., Taylor, F. W., and Edwards, R. L., 2002.
Direct determination of the timing of sea level change during termination II. Science, 295, 310–313.
Goreau, T. F., 1959. The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. 1. Species
composition and zonation. Ecology, 40, 67–90.
Goreau, T. F., and Goreau, N. I., 1973. Ecology of Jamican coral
reefs. 2. Geomorphology, zonation, and sedimentary phases.
Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 399–464.
Greenstein, B. J., and Pandolfi, J. M., 2008. Escaping the heat:
range shifts of reef coral taxa in coastal Western Australia.
Global Change Biology, 14, 513–528.
Greenstein, B. J., Pandolfi, J. M., and Blakeway, D. R., 2005.
A fossil reef from the last interglacial, Western Australia. Coral
Reefs, 24, 593–593.
Harrison, R. S., and Coniglio M., 1985. Origin of the Pleistocene
Key Largo Limestone, Florida Keys. Bulletin of Canadian
Petroleum Geology, 33, 350–358.
Hattin, D. E., and Warren, V. L., 1989. Stratigraphic analysis of
a fossil Neogoniolithon-capped patch reef and associated facies,
San Salvador, Bahamas. Coral Reefs, 8, 19–30.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1976. Variations in the
Earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194,
1121–1132.
Hearty, P., and Neumann, A., 2001. Rapid sea level and climate
change at the close of the Last Interglaciation (MIS 5e): evidence
from the Bahama Islands. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20,
1881–1895.
Hoffmeister, J. E., and Multer, H. G., 1964. Growth-rate estimates
of a Pleistocene coral reef of Florida. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 75, 353–357.
Hoffmeister, J. E., and Multer, H. G., 1968. Geology and origin of
the Florida Keys. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79,
1487–1502.
Hunter, I. G., and Jones, B., 1996. Coral associations of the Pleistocene Ironshore Formation, Grand Cayman. Coral Reefs, 15,
249–267.
Jackson, J. B. C., 1992. Pleistocene perspectives on coral-reef community structure. American Zoologist, 32, 719–731.
James, N. P., Mountjoy, E. W., and Omura, A., 1971. An early Wisconsin reef terrace at Barbados, West Indies, and its climatic
implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82,
2011–2018.
Johnson, M. E., Baarli, B. G., and Scott, I. H., 1995. Colonization
and reef growth on a Late Pleistocene rocky shore and abrasion
platform in Western Australia. Lethaia, 28, 85–98.
Jones, B., 1994. Geology of the Cayman Islands. In Brunt, M. A.,
and Davies, J. E. (eds.), The Cayman Islands: Natural History
and Biogeography. The Netherlands: Kluwer, pp. 13–49.
LAST INTERGLACIAL AND REEF DEVELOPMENT
637
Science, 310, 657–660.
Chappell, J., 1974. Geology of coral terraces, Huon Peninsula, New
Guinea: a study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea level
changes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 553–570.
Chappell, J., 1980. Coral morphology, diversity and reef growth.
Nature, 286, 249–252.
Chappell, J., 2002. Sea level changes forced ice breakouts in the
Last Glacial cycle: new results from coral terraces. Quaternary
Science Reviews, 21, 1229–1240.
Chappell, J., and Polach, H. A., 1976. Holocene sea-level change
and reef growth at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87, 235–239.
Chappell, J., and Polach, H., 1991. Postglacial sea-level rise from
a coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua-New-Guinea. Nature,
349, 147–149.
Chappell, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1986. Oxygen isotopes and sea
level. Nature, 324, 134–140.
Chappell, J., and Veeh, H. H., 1978. Late Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes at Timor and Atauro Island. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 89, 356–368.
Chen, J. H., Curran, H. A., White, B., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1991.
Precise chronology of the last interglacial period: 234U-230Th
data from fossil coral reefs in the Bahamas. Geological Society
of America Bulletin, 103, 82–97.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Broecker, W. S., Denton, G. H., Kong,
X., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., and Wang, X., 2009. Ice age terminations. Science, 326, 248–252.
Collins, L. B., Zhu, Z. R., Wyrwoll, K. H., Hatcher, B. G., Playford,
P. E., Chen, J. H., Eisenhauer, A., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1993.
Late Quaternary evolution of coral reefs on a cool-water carbonate margin: the Abrolhos carbonate platforms, southwest
Australia. Marine Geology, 110, 203–212.
Coyne, M. K., Jones, B., and Ford, D., 2007. Highstands during
Marine Isotope Stage 5: evidence from the Ironshore Formation
of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 26, 536–559.
Cuffey, K. M., and Marshall, S. J., 2000. Substantial contribution to
sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice
sheet. Nature, 404, 591–594.
Curran, H. A., and White, B., 1989. The Cockburn Town fossil coral
reef of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. In Curran, H. A. (ed.),
Pleistocene and Holocene Carbonate Environments on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 28th International Geological Congress
Field Trip Guidebook T175, 27–34.
Edinger, E. N., Pandolfi, J. M., and Kelley, R. A., 2001. Community
structure of Quaternary reefs compared with Recent life and
death assemblages. Paleobiology, 27, 669–694.
Edinger, E. N., Burr, G. S., Pandolfi, J. M., and Ortiz, J. C., 2007.
Age accuracy and resolution of Quaternary corals used as proxies for sea level. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 253,
37–49.
Edwards, R. L., Beck, J. W., Burr, G. S., Donahue, D. J., Chappell,
J. M. A., Bloom, A. L., Druffel, E. R. M., and Taylor, F. W.,
1993. A large drop in atmospheric C-14/C-12 and reduced melting in the Younger Dryas, documented with Th-230 ages of
corals. Science, 260, 962–968.
Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Murrell, M. T., and Goldstein, S. J.,
1997. Protactinium-231 dating of carbonates by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry: implications for Quaternary climate
change. Science, 276, 782–786.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1987. 238U234U-230Th-232Th systematics and the precise measurement
of time over the past 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 81, 175–192.
Eisenhauer, A., Zhu, Z. R., Collins, L. B., Wyrwoll, K. H., and
Eichstätter, R., 1996. The Last Interglacial sea level change:
new evidence from the Abrolhos islands, West Australia.
Geologische Rundschau, 85, 606–614.
Esat, T. M., McCulloch, M. T., Chappell, J., Pillans, B., and Omura,
A., 1999. Rapid fluctuations in sea level recorded at Huon Peninsula during the penultimate deglaciation. Science, 283,
197–201.
Fairbanks, R. G., 1989. A 17,000-year long glacio-eustatic sea level
record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas
event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342, 637–642.
Fairbanks, R. G., and Matthews, R. K., 1978. The marine oxygen
isotope record in Pleistocene coral, Barbados, West Indies. Quaternary Research, 10, 181–196.
Fruijtier, C., Elliott, T., and Schlager, W., 2000. Mass-spectrometric
U-234-Th-230 ages from the Key Largo Formation, Florida
Keys, United States: constraints on diagenetic age disturbance.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 267–277.
Gallup, C. D., Edwards, R. L., and Johnson, R. G., 1994. The timing
of high sea levels over the past 200,000 years. Science, 263,
796–780.
Gallup, C. D., Cheng, H., Taylor, F. W., and Edwards, R. L., 2002.
Direct determination of the timing of sea level change during termination II. Science, 295, 310–313.
Goreau, T. F., 1959. The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. 1. Species
composition and zonation. Ecology, 40, 67–90.
Goreau, T. F., and Goreau, N. I., 1973. Ecology of Jamican coral
reefs. 2. Geomorphology, zonation, and sedimentary phases.
Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 399–464.
Greenstein, B. J., and Pandolfi, J. M., 2008. Escaping the heat:
range shifts of reef coral taxa in coastal Western Australia.
Global Change Biology, 14, 513–528.
Greenstein, B. J., Pandolfi, J. M., and Blakeway, D. R., 2005.
A fossil reef from the last interglacial, Western Australia. Coral
Reefs, 24, 593–593.
Harrison, R. S., and Coniglio M., 1985. Origin of the Pleistocene
Key Largo Limestone, Florida Keys. Bulletin of Canadian
Petroleum Geology, 33, 350–358.
Hattin, D. E., and Warren, V. L., 1989. Stratigraphic analysis of
a fossil Neogoniolithon-capped patch reef and associated facies,
San Salvador, Bahamas. Coral Reefs, 8, 19–30.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1976. Variations in the
Earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194,
1121–1132.
Hearty, P., and Neumann, A., 2001. Rapid sea level and climate
change at the close of the Last Interglaciation (MIS 5e): evidence
from the Bahama Islands. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20,
1881–1895.
Hoffmeister, J. E., and Multer, H. G., 1964. Growth-rate estimates
of a Pleistocene coral reef of Florida. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 75, 353–357.
Hoffmeister, J. E., and Multer, H. G., 1968. Geology and origin of
the Florida Keys. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79,
1487–1502.
Hunter, I. G., and Jones, B., 1996. Coral associations of the Pleistocene Ironshore Formation, Grand Cayman. Coral Reefs, 15,
249–267.
Jackson, J. B. C., 1992. Pleistocene perspectives on coral-reef community structure. American Zoologist, 32, 719–731.
James, N. P., Mountjoy, E. W., and Omura, A., 1971. An early Wisconsin reef terrace at Barbados, West Indies, and its climatic
implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82,
2011–2018.
Johnson, M. E., Baarli, B. G., and Scott, I. H., 1995. Colonization
and reef growth on a Late Pleistocene rocky shore and abrasion
platform in Western Australia. Lethaia, 28, 85–98.
Jones, B., 1994. Geology of the Cayman Islands. In Brunt, M. A.,
and Davies, J. E. (eds.), The Cayman Islands: Natural History
and Biogeography. The Netherlands: Kluwer, pp. 13–49.
LAST INTERGLACIAL AND REEF DEVELOPMENT
637