Drew, E. A., and Abel, K. M., 1992. Studies on Halimeda IV. An
endogenous rhythm of chloroplast migration in the siphonous
green alga, H. distorta. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle
Research, 23, 128–135.
Ellis, J., and Solander, D., 1786. The Natural History of Many Curious and uncommon Zoophytes, Collected from Various Parts of
the Globe by the late John Ellis. . . Systematically Arranged and
Described by the Late Daniel Solander xiiþ p. 208, 63 pls.
London: B. White & Son.
Evertsen, J., Burghardt, I., Johnsen, G., and Heike, W., 2007. Retention of functional chloroplasts in some sarcoglossans from the
Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean. Marine Biology 151,
2159–2166.
Fiele, D., Milliman, J. D., and Hillis, L., 1995. Coral Reefs, 14,
27–33.
Hay, M. E., Paul, V., Lewis, S. M., Gustafson, K., Tucker, J., and
Trindell, R. N., 1988. Can tropical seaweeds reduce herbivory
by growing at night? Diel patterns of growth, nitrogen content,
herbivory and chemical versus morphological defenses.
Oecologica, 75, 233–245.
Hillis, L., 1959. A revision of the genus Halimeda (Siphonales).
Publications of the Marine Science Institute, University of Texas,
6, 321–334.
Hillis, L. W., Engman, J. A., and Kooistra, W. H. C. F., 1998. Morphological and Molecular phylogenies of Halimeda
(Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) identify three evolutionary lineages. Journal of Phycology, 34, 669–681.
Hillis-Colinvaux, l., 1980. Ecology and Taxonomy of Halimeda:
primary producer of coral reefs. Advances in Marine Biology,
17, 1–327.
Hillis-Colinvaux, L., 1985. Halimeda and other deep fore-reef algae
at Eniwetak Atoll. In Proceedings of the Fifth International
Coral Reef Congress. Tahiti, Vol. 5, pp. 9–14.
Imperato, F., 1599. Dell’ Historia naturale, nella quale
Ordinatamente si Tratta della Diversa Conditone di Miniere,
e Pietre. Con Alcune Historie de Piante e Animale; sin’hora
non data in Luce, 28, 791 Naples
Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Coppejans, E. G. G., and Payri, C., 2002.
Molecular systematics, historical ecology, and phytogeography
of Halimeda (Bryopsidales). Phylogenetics and Evolution, 24,
121–138.
Lamouroux, J. V. F., 1816. Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. . . lxxxivþ559þ[1,
errata] p.,[1] chart, XIX pls. Caen: F. Poisson.
Littler, M. M., Littler, D. S., Blair, S. M., and Norris, J. N., 1986.
Deep-water plant communities from an uncharted seamount off
San Salvador Island, Bahamas: distribution, abundance, and primary production. Deap-Sea Research, 33(7), 881–892.
Marshall, J. F., and Davies, P. J., 1988. Halimeda bioherms of the
northern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 6, 139–148.
Meinesz, A., 1980. Conaissances actuelles et contribution à l’étude
de la reproduction et du cycle des Udotéacées (Caulerpales,
Chlorophytes). Phycologia, 19, 110–138.
Menzel, D., 1988. How do giant plant cells cope with injury? – The
wound response in Siphonous Green Algae. Protoplasma, 144,
73–91.
Nasr, A. H., 1947. Synopsis of the marine alge of the Egyptian Red
Sea coast. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, Egyptian University, 26, 1–155.
Paul V. J., and van Alstyne, K. L., 1988a. Chemical defense and
chemical variation in some tropical Pacific species of Halimeda.
Coral Reefs, 6, 263–269.
Paul, V. J., and van Alstyne, K., 1988b. The use of ingested algal
diterpenoids by the ascoglossan opistobranch Elysia halimedae
Macnae as antipredator defenses. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 119, 15–29.
Phipps, C. V. G., Davies, P. J., and Hopley, D., 1985. The
mprphology of Halimeda banks behind the Great Barrier Reef
east of Cooktown, QLD. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress. Tahiti, Vol. 5, pp. 27–30.
Phipps, C. V. G., and Roberts, H. H., 1988. Seismic characteristics
and accretion histori of Halimeda bioherms on Kalukalukuang
Bank, eastern Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs, 6, 149–159.
Roberts, H. H., Aharon, P., and Phipps, C. V., 1988. Morphology
and sedimentology of Halimeda bioherms ftom the eastern Java
Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs, 6, 161–172.
Schmitz, F., 1880. Uber die Bildung der Sporangien bei der
Algengattung Halimeda. S.B. niederrhein. Ges.-u. Heilk., 1879,
140–146.
Trench, R. K., 1973. “Of leaves that crawl”: Functional Chloroplasts
in Animal Cells. In Jennings, D. H., and Lee, L. (eds.), Symbiosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229–265.
Verbruggen, H., 2005. Resegmenting Halimeda. Molecular and
morphometric studies of species boundaries within a green algal
genus. Doctoral thesis, University of Ghent, Belgium.
This document is not readily available from libraries, but may be
downloaded free as an 84 MB. pdf file from the following URL:
http://www.phycology.ugent.be/reprints/resegmenting_halimeda.
pdf
Wolanski, E., Drew, E. A., Abek, K. M., and O’Brien, J., 1988.
Tidal jets, nutrient upwelling, and their influence on the
growth of Halimeda meadows throughout the Great Barier
Reef Province. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science, 21,
169–201.
Wray, J. L., 1977. Calcareous Algae. New York: Elsevier Scientific.
Cross-references
Algae-Macro
Binding Organisms
Reefal Sediments
Sediment Dynamics
Sediments, Properties
Tidal Jets
Wackestone
HALIMEDA BIOHERMS
Peter J. Davies
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Introduction
Halimeda Bioherms – two words with separate biological
and geological connotations – have been used cojoined
since 1985 by Davies and Marshall (1985) and Orme
(1985) to describe Holocene mounds (bioherms) of dominantly Halimeda derived carbonates in water depths generally deeper than 30 m (sometimes 20 m) and forming
undulating banks. Some confusion does exist within the
literature, not because colleagues do not understand the
use of the above authors but because of other disciplinerelated terms coined and used both before and since
1985. The geological understanding of Bioherm, therefore, needs to be clarified, as does its relations to a term
coined at the same time – Biostrome – and their likely
HALIMEDA BIOHERMS
539
endogenous rhythm of chloroplast migration in the siphonous
green alga, H. distorta. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle
Research, 23, 128–135.
Ellis, J., and Solander, D., 1786. The Natural History of Many Curious and uncommon Zoophytes, Collected from Various Parts of
the Globe by the late John Ellis. . . Systematically Arranged and
Described by the Late Daniel Solander xiiþ p. 208, 63 pls.
London: B. White & Son.
Evertsen, J., Burghardt, I., Johnsen, G., and Heike, W., 2007. Retention of functional chloroplasts in some sarcoglossans from the
Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean. Marine Biology 151,
2159–2166.
Fiele, D., Milliman, J. D., and Hillis, L., 1995. Coral Reefs, 14,
27–33.
Hay, M. E., Paul, V., Lewis, S. M., Gustafson, K., Tucker, J., and
Trindell, R. N., 1988. Can tropical seaweeds reduce herbivory
by growing at night? Diel patterns of growth, nitrogen content,
herbivory and chemical versus morphological defenses.
Oecologica, 75, 233–245.
Hillis, L., 1959. A revision of the genus Halimeda (Siphonales).
Publications of the Marine Science Institute, University of Texas,
6, 321–334.
Hillis, L. W., Engman, J. A., and Kooistra, W. H. C. F., 1998. Morphological and Molecular phylogenies of Halimeda
(Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) identify three evolutionary lineages. Journal of Phycology, 34, 669–681.
Hillis-Colinvaux, l., 1980. Ecology and Taxonomy of Halimeda:
primary producer of coral reefs. Advances in Marine Biology,
17, 1–327.
Hillis-Colinvaux, L., 1985. Halimeda and other deep fore-reef algae
at Eniwetak Atoll. In Proceedings of the Fifth International
Coral Reef Congress. Tahiti, Vol. 5, pp. 9–14.
Imperato, F., 1599. Dell’ Historia naturale, nella quale
Ordinatamente si Tratta della Diversa Conditone di Miniere,
e Pietre. Con Alcune Historie de Piante e Animale; sin’hora
non data in Luce, 28, 791 Naples
Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Coppejans, E. G. G., and Payri, C., 2002.
Molecular systematics, historical ecology, and phytogeography
of Halimeda (Bryopsidales). Phylogenetics and Evolution, 24,
121–138.
Lamouroux, J. V. F., 1816. Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. . . lxxxivþ559þ[1,
errata] p.,[1] chart, XIX pls. Caen: F. Poisson.
Littler, M. M., Littler, D. S., Blair, S. M., and Norris, J. N., 1986.
Deep-water plant communities from an uncharted seamount off
San Salvador Island, Bahamas: distribution, abundance, and primary production. Deap-Sea Research, 33(7), 881–892.
Marshall, J. F., and Davies, P. J., 1988. Halimeda bioherms of the
northern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 6, 139–148.
Meinesz, A., 1980. Conaissances actuelles et contribution à l’étude
de la reproduction et du cycle des Udotéacées (Caulerpales,
Chlorophytes). Phycologia, 19, 110–138.
Menzel, D., 1988. How do giant plant cells cope with injury? – The
wound response in Siphonous Green Algae. Protoplasma, 144,
73–91.
Nasr, A. H., 1947. Synopsis of the marine alge of the Egyptian Red
Sea coast. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, Egyptian University, 26, 1–155.
Paul V. J., and van Alstyne, K. L., 1988a. Chemical defense and
chemical variation in some tropical Pacific species of Halimeda.
Coral Reefs, 6, 263–269.
Paul, V. J., and van Alstyne, K., 1988b. The use of ingested algal
diterpenoids by the ascoglossan opistobranch Elysia halimedae
Macnae as antipredator defenses. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 119, 15–29.
Phipps, C. V. G., Davies, P. J., and Hopley, D., 1985. The
mprphology of Halimeda banks behind the Great Barrier Reef
east of Cooktown, QLD. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress. Tahiti, Vol. 5, pp. 27–30.
Phipps, C. V. G., and Roberts, H. H., 1988. Seismic characteristics
and accretion histori of Halimeda bioherms on Kalukalukuang
Bank, eastern Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs, 6, 149–159.
Roberts, H. H., Aharon, P., and Phipps, C. V., 1988. Morphology
and sedimentology of Halimeda bioherms ftom the eastern Java
Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs, 6, 161–172.
Schmitz, F., 1880. Uber die Bildung der Sporangien bei der
Algengattung Halimeda. S.B. niederrhein. Ges.-u. Heilk., 1879,
140–146.
Trench, R. K., 1973. “Of leaves that crawl”: Functional Chloroplasts
in Animal Cells. In Jennings, D. H., and Lee, L. (eds.), Symbiosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229–265.
Verbruggen, H., 2005. Resegmenting Halimeda. Molecular and
morphometric studies of species boundaries within a green algal
genus. Doctoral thesis, University of Ghent, Belgium.
This document is not readily available from libraries, but may be
downloaded free as an 84 MB. pdf file from the following URL:
http://www.phycology.ugent.be/reprints/resegmenting_halimeda.
Wolanski, E., Drew, E. A., Abek, K. M., and O’Brien, J., 1988.
Tidal jets, nutrient upwelling, and their influence on the
growth of Halimeda meadows throughout the Great Barier
Reef Province. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science, 21,
169–201.
Wray, J. L., 1977. Calcareous Algae. New York: Elsevier Scientific.
Cross-references
Algae-Macro
Binding Organisms
Reefal Sediments
Sediment Dynamics
Sediments, Properties
Tidal Jets
Wackestone
HALIMEDA BIOHERMS
Peter J. Davies
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Introduction
Halimeda Bioherms – two words with separate biological
and geological connotations – have been used cojoined
since 1985 by Davies and Marshall (1985) and Orme
(1985) to describe Holocene mounds (bioherms) of dominantly Halimeda derived carbonates in water depths generally deeper than 30 m (sometimes 20 m) and forming
undulating banks. Some confusion does exist within the
literature, not because colleagues do not understand the
use of the above authors but because of other disciplinerelated terms coined and used both before and since
1985. The geological understanding of Bioherm, therefore, needs to be clarified, as does its relations to a term
coined at the same time – Biostrome – and their likely
HALIMEDA BIOHERMS
539