it is important to understand when foraminiferal assemblages
respond in parallel with corals and when they do not.
Bibliography
Beavington-Penney, S. J., and Racey, A., 2004. Ecology of extant
nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera: applications
in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Earth-Science Reviews, 67,
219–265.
Cockey, E. M., Hallock, P., and Lidz, B., 1996. Decadal scale
changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo,
Florida. Coral Reefs, 15, 237–248.
Goldstein, S. T., 2002. Foraminifera: a biological review. In Sen
Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston:
Kluwer, pp. 37–55.
Hallock, P., 1981. Algal symbiosis: a mathematical analysis.
Marine Biology, 62, 249–255.
Hallock, P., 1985. Why are larger foraminifera large? Paleobiology,
11, 195–208.
Hallock, P., 1987. Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a
factor in global diversity cycles? Paleoceanography, 2, 457–471.
Hallock, P., 2000. Symbiont-bearing foraminifera: harbingers of
global change. Micropaleontology, 46(Suppl. 1), 95–104.
Hallock, P., 2002. Symbiont-bearing foraminifera. In Sen Gupta,
B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston: Kluwer,
pp. 123–139.
Hallock, P., Lidz, B. H., Cockey-Burkhard, E. M., and Donnelly,
K. B., 2003. Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef
assessment and monitoring: the FORAM Index. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 81, 221–238.
Hohenegger, J., 2006. The importance of symbiont-bearing benthic
foraminifera for West Pacific carbonate beach environments.
Marine Micropaleontology, 61, 4–39.
Hohenegger, J., Yordanova, E., Nakano, Y., and Tatzreiter, F., 1999.
Habitats of larger foraminifera on the upper reef slope of Sesoko
Island, Okinawa, Japan. Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 109–168.
Hottinger, L. C., 2000. Functional morphology of benthic foraminiferal shells, envelopes of cells beyond measure. Micropaleontology, 46(Suppl. 1), 57–86.
Hottinger, L. C., 2006. The depth-depending ornamentation of
some lamellar-perforate Foraminifera. Symbiosis, 42, 141–151.
Jorissen, F. J., 2002. Benthic foraminiferal microhabitats below the
sediment-water interface. In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern
Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston: Kluwer, pp. 161–179.
Lee, J. J., 1990. Phylum Granuloreticulosa (Foraminifera). In
Margulis, L., Corliss, J. O., Melkonian, M., and Chapman,
D. J. (eds.), Handbook of Protoctista: the Structure, Cultivation,
Habitats and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms
and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi.
Boston: Jones and Bartlett, pp. 524–548.
Lee, J. J., 2006. Algal symbiosis in larger foraminifera. Symbiosis,
42, 63–75.
Loeblich, A. R. Jr., and Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal Genera
and Their Classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company.
Loeblich, A. R. Jr., and Tappan, H., 1992. Present status of
foraminiferal classification. In Takayangi, Y., and Saito, T.
(eds.), Studies in Benthic Foraminifera, Proceedings of the
4th International Symposium on Benthic Foraminifera, Sendai, 1990 (Benthos’90). Tokyo: Tokai University Press,
pp. 93–102.
Longet, D., and Pawlowski, J., 2007. Higher-level phylogeny of
Foraminifera inferred from the RNA polymerase II (RPBI) gene.
European Journal of Protistology, 43, 171–177.
Loubere, P., and Fariduddin, M., 2002. Benthic foraminifera and
the flux of organic carbon to the seabed. In Sen Gupta, B. K.
(ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston: Kluwer,
pp. 181–200.
Morse, J. W., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1990. Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Murray, J. W., 2006. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pawlowski, J., and Holzmann, M., 2008. Diversity and geographic
distribution of benthic foraminifera: a molecular perspective.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 317–328.
Pochon, X., Garcia-Cuetos, L., Baker, A. C., Castella, E., and
Pawlowski, J., 2007. One-year survey of a single Micronesian
reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium types
in soritid foraminifera. Coral Reefs, 26, 867–882.
Pomar, L., and Hallock, P., 2008. Carbonate factories: a conundrum in sedimentary geology. Earth-Science Reviews, 87,
134–169.
Renema, W., 2005. Depth estimation using diameter–
thickness ratios in larger benthic foraminifera. Lethaia, 38,
137–141.
Schafer, C. T., 2000. Monitoring nearshore marine environments
using benthic foraminifera: some protocols and pitfalls. Micropaleontology, 46, 161–169.
Schweizer, M., Pawlowski, J., Kouwenhoven, T. J., Guiard, J., and
van der Zwaan, B., 2008. Molecular phylogeny of Rotaliida
(Foraminifera) based on complete small subunit rDNA
sequences. Marine Micropaleontology, 66, 233–246.
Sen Gupta, B. K., 2002. Systematics of modern foraminifera. In Sen
Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston:
Kluwer, pp. 7–36.
Cross-references
Calcite
Climate Change: Impact On Coral Reef Coasts
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Coral Reef, Definition
Corals: Environmental Controls on Growth
FORAM Index
Fore Reef/Reef Front
Geomorphic Zonation
Lagoons
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Coral Reefs
Reef Flats
Symbiosis
Temperature Change: Bleaching
Foraminifera, Figure 6 Cartoon representation of shape trends
with depth in four families of reef-associated larger
foraminifers (adapted from Hallock, 2002).
FORAMINIFERA
421
respond in parallel with corals and when they do not.
Bibliography
Beavington-Penney, S. J., and Racey, A., 2004. Ecology of extant
nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera: applications
in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Earth-Science Reviews, 67,
219–265.
Cockey, E. M., Hallock, P., and Lidz, B., 1996. Decadal scale
changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo,
Florida. Coral Reefs, 15, 237–248.
Goldstein, S. T., 2002. Foraminifera: a biological review. In Sen
Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston:
Kluwer, pp. 37–55.
Hallock, P., 1981. Algal symbiosis: a mathematical analysis.
Marine Biology, 62, 249–255.
Hallock, P., 1985. Why are larger foraminifera large? Paleobiology,
11, 195–208.
Hallock, P., 1987. Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a
factor in global diversity cycles? Paleoceanography, 2, 457–471.
Hallock, P., 2000. Symbiont-bearing foraminifera: harbingers of
global change. Micropaleontology, 46(Suppl. 1), 95–104.
Hallock, P., 2002. Symbiont-bearing foraminifera. In Sen Gupta,
B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston: Kluwer,
pp. 123–139.
Hallock, P., Lidz, B. H., Cockey-Burkhard, E. M., and Donnelly,
K. B., 2003. Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef
assessment and monitoring: the FORAM Index. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 81, 221–238.
Hohenegger, J., 2006. The importance of symbiont-bearing benthic
foraminifera for West Pacific carbonate beach environments.
Marine Micropaleontology, 61, 4–39.
Hohenegger, J., Yordanova, E., Nakano, Y., and Tatzreiter, F., 1999.
Habitats of larger foraminifera on the upper reef slope of Sesoko
Island, Okinawa, Japan. Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 109–168.
Hottinger, L. C., 2000. Functional morphology of benthic foraminiferal shells, envelopes of cells beyond measure. Micropaleontology, 46(Suppl. 1), 57–86.
Hottinger, L. C., 2006. The depth-depending ornamentation of
some lamellar-perforate Foraminifera. Symbiosis, 42, 141–151.
Jorissen, F. J., 2002. Benthic foraminiferal microhabitats below the
sediment-water interface. In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern
Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston: Kluwer, pp. 161–179.
Lee, J. J., 1990. Phylum Granuloreticulosa (Foraminifera). In
Margulis, L., Corliss, J. O., Melkonian, M., and Chapman,
D. J. (eds.), Handbook of Protoctista: the Structure, Cultivation,
Habitats and Life Histories of the Eukaryotic Microorganisms
and Their Descendants Exclusive of Animals, Plants and Fungi.
Boston: Jones and Bartlett, pp. 524–548.
Lee, J. J., 2006. Algal symbiosis in larger foraminifera. Symbiosis,
42, 63–75.
Loeblich, A. R. Jr., and Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal Genera
and Their Classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
Company.
Loeblich, A. R. Jr., and Tappan, H., 1992. Present status of
foraminiferal classification. In Takayangi, Y., and Saito, T.
(eds.), Studies in Benthic Foraminifera, Proceedings of the
4th International Symposium on Benthic Foraminifera, Sendai, 1990 (Benthos’90). Tokyo: Tokai University Press,
pp. 93–102.
Longet, D., and Pawlowski, J., 2007. Higher-level phylogeny of
Foraminifera inferred from the RNA polymerase II (RPBI) gene.
European Journal of Protistology, 43, 171–177.
Loubere, P., and Fariduddin, M., 2002. Benthic foraminifera and
the flux of organic carbon to the seabed. In Sen Gupta, B. K.
(ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston: Kluwer,
pp. 181–200.
Morse, J. W., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1990. Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Murray, J. W., 2006. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pawlowski, J., and Holzmann, M., 2008. Diversity and geographic
distribution of benthic foraminifera: a molecular perspective.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 317–328.
Pochon, X., Garcia-Cuetos, L., Baker, A. C., Castella, E., and
Pawlowski, J., 2007. One-year survey of a single Micronesian
reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium types
in soritid foraminifera. Coral Reefs, 26, 867–882.
Pomar, L., and Hallock, P., 2008. Carbonate factories: a conundrum in sedimentary geology. Earth-Science Reviews, 87,
134–169.
Renema, W., 2005. Depth estimation using diameter–
thickness ratios in larger benthic foraminifera. Lethaia, 38,
137–141.
Schafer, C. T., 2000. Monitoring nearshore marine environments
using benthic foraminifera: some protocols and pitfalls. Micropaleontology, 46, 161–169.
Schweizer, M., Pawlowski, J., Kouwenhoven, T. J., Guiard, J., and
van der Zwaan, B., 2008. Molecular phylogeny of Rotaliida
(Foraminifera) based on complete small subunit rDNA
sequences. Marine Micropaleontology, 66, 233–246.
Sen Gupta, B. K., 2002. Systematics of modern foraminifera. In Sen
Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 2nd edn. Boston:
Kluwer, pp. 7–36.
Cross-references
Calcite
Climate Change: Impact On Coral Reef Coasts
Climate Change and Coral Reefs
Coral Reef, Definition
Corals: Environmental Controls on Growth
FORAM Index
Fore Reef/Reef Front
Geomorphic Zonation
Lagoons
Nutrient Pollution/Eutrophication
Ocean Acidification, Effects on Calcification
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Coral Reefs
Reef Flats
Symbiosis
Temperature Change: Bleaching
Foraminifera, Figure 6 Cartoon representation of shape trends
with depth in four families of reef-associated larger
foraminifers (adapted from Hallock, 2002).
FORAMINIFERA
421