Engineering on Coral Reefs with Emphasis on Pacific Reefs, Figure 7
Adverse planning of military construction and sewage discharge in Ka
¯ne‘ohe Bay, Hawaii: (a) Before
1938, Ka
¯ne‘ohe Bay was an undisturbed healthy ecosystem, supporting one of two barrier reefs in the Hawaiian Islands. (b) WWII military construction dredged
a seaplane landing area and deep ship channels through the barrier reef and lagoon, and created fill land for the military base using dredged coral. (c) In the early 1960s
sewage outfalls were placed in the south bay where water circulation was poor, causing pollution, killing corals, and stimulating algal overgrowth of corals in the lagoon.
(d) Outfalls were moved outside the bay by 1978, resulting in coral recovery and decline of algal overgrowth by 1983, with the new outfall was placed in well-mixed ocean
waters offshore where reefs were unaffected. Additional surveys through 2009 revealed the disappearance of the earlier algae and spread of new alien algae released
in the bay by researchers that now threaten rare corals.
400
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS ON PACIFIC REEFS
Adverse planning of military construction and sewage discharge in Ka
¯ne‘ohe Bay, Hawaii: (a) Before
1938, Ka
¯ne‘ohe Bay was an undisturbed healthy ecosystem, supporting one of two barrier reefs in the Hawaiian Islands. (b) WWII military construction dredged
a seaplane landing area and deep ship channels through the barrier reef and lagoon, and created fill land for the military base using dredged coral. (c) In the early 1960s
sewage outfalls were placed in the south bay where water circulation was poor, causing pollution, killing corals, and stimulating algal overgrowth of corals in the lagoon.
(d) Outfalls were moved outside the bay by 1978, resulting in coral recovery and decline of algal overgrowth by 1983, with the new outfall was placed in well-mixed ocean
waters offshore where reefs were unaffected. Additional surveys through 2009 revealed the disappearance of the earlier algae and spread of new alien algae released
in the bay by researchers that now threaten rare corals.
400
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS ON PACIFIC REEFS