Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics, (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 105–146.
Kiste, R. C., 1987. History of the people of Enewetak Atoll. In
Deveney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak
Atoll. (vol.1), United States Department of Energy, Office of
Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research,
and Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 1,
The Ecosystems, Environments, Biotas, and Processes,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 17–25.
Ladd, H. S., and Schlanger, S. O., 1960. Drilling operations on Eniwetok Atoll. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-Y,
863–903.
Ladd, H. S., Ingerson, E., Townsend, R. C., Russel, M., and
Stephenson, H. T., 1953. Drilling on Eniwetok Atoll, M.I. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 37, 2257–2280.
Lamberson, J. O., 1987. Natural history of terrestrial vascular
plants of Enewetak Atoll, In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The
Natural History of Enewetak Atoll. United States Department
of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and
Environmental Research, and Ecological Research Division.
DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 17–35.
McMurtry, G. M., Schneider, R. C., Colin, P. L. Buddemeier, R. W.,
and Suchanek, T. H., 1985. Redistribution of fallout radionuclides in Enewetak Atoll lagoon sediments by callianassid bioturbation. Nature, 313, 674–677.
Odum, H. T., and Odum, E. P., 1955. Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll.
Ecological Monographs, 25, 291–320.
Randall, J. E., and Randall, H. A., 1987. Annotated checklist of the
fishes of Enewetak Atoll and other Marshall Islands, In Devaney,
D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll.
United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research,
Office of Health and Environmental Research, and Ecological
Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography
and Systematics, (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution
Center, Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 289–324.
Reese, E. S., 1987. Terrestrial environments and ecology of
Enewetak Atoll. In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural
History of Enewetak Atoll. United States Department of Energy,
Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental
Research, and Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703T1-Vol. 1 (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center,
Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 187–202.
Ristvet, B. L., 1987. Geology and geohydrology of Enewetak Atoll.
In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak
Atoll. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, and
Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 1, The
Ecosystems,
Environments,
Biotas,
and
Processes,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 37–58.
Sargent, M. C., and Austin, T. S., 1954. Biologic economy of coral
reefs. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-E,
293–300.
Schlanger, S. O., 1963. Subsurface geology of Eniwetok Atoll.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-BB, 991–1066.
Tipton, W. J., and Meibaum, R. A., 1981. An aerial radiological and
photographic survey of eleven atolls and two islands within the
Northern Marshall Islands (July-Nov. 1978). Prepared by
EG&G Electronics for the U.S. Dept. of Energy EFF-1183–
1753, UC-41, June 1981. DOE Pacific Area Support Office,
Las Vegas, and National Information Service, 5285, Port Royal
Rd, Springfield VA 22161.
Titgen, R. H., and Burch, B. L., 1987. Miscellaneous species
records of Enewetak Atoll, In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.),
The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health
and Environmental Research, and Ecological Research Division.
DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 337–343.
Tsuda, R. T., 1987. Marine benthic algae of Enewetak Atoll. In
Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak
Atoll. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, and
Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics, (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 1–15.
Wells, J. W., 1954. Recent corals of the Marshall Islands, Bikini and
nearby atolls, II, Oceanography (Biologic). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-I, 385–486.
Wells, J. W., 1964. Fossil corals from Eniwetok Atoll, in Bikini and
nearby atolls, Marshall Islands. Geological Survey Professional
Paper 260-DD, 1101–1111.
Wiens, H. J., 1962. Atoll Environment and Ecology. New Haven,
CT/London: Yale University Press, 532p.
Cross-references
Atolls
Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
Funafuti Atoll
Geomorphic Zonation
Lagoon Circulation
Microatoll
Midway Atoll (Hawaiian Archipelago)
Moating
Mururoa Atoll
Pacific Coral Reefs: An Introduction
Patch Reefs: Lidar Morphometric Analysis
Reef Drilling
Subsidence Hypothesis of Reef Development
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS
ON PACIFIC REEFS
James E. Maragos
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, HI, USA
Definition
Engineering: design, planning, construction, and management of machinery, roads, causeways, buildings, bridges,
docks, airfields, fortifications, waterways, power generation, water supply, waste discharge, etc.
Introduction
The European renaissance and industrial revolution ushered in an era of unprecedented advances in, and global
demand for, modern engineering and construction capability. Five centuries ago, European explorers traveled
far from home, coming into contact with many coral reefs
for the first time, and requiring engineering that focused
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS ON PACIFIC REEFS
391
Kiste, R. C., 1987. History of the people of Enewetak Atoll. In
Deveney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak
Atoll. (vol.1), United States Department of Energy, Office of
Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research,
and Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 1,
The Ecosystems, Environments, Biotas, and Processes,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 17–25.
Ladd, H. S., and Schlanger, S. O., 1960. Drilling operations on Eniwetok Atoll. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-Y,
863–903.
Ladd, H. S., Ingerson, E., Townsend, R. C., Russel, M., and
Stephenson, H. T., 1953. Drilling on Eniwetok Atoll, M.I. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 37, 2257–2280.
Lamberson, J. O., 1987. Natural history of terrestrial vascular
plants of Enewetak Atoll, In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The
Natural History of Enewetak Atoll. United States Department
of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and
Environmental Research, and Ecological Research Division.
DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 17–35.
McMurtry, G. M., Schneider, R. C., Colin, P. L. Buddemeier, R. W.,
and Suchanek, T. H., 1985. Redistribution of fallout radionuclides in Enewetak Atoll lagoon sediments by callianassid bioturbation. Nature, 313, 674–677.
Odum, H. T., and Odum, E. P., 1955. Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll.
Ecological Monographs, 25, 291–320.
Randall, J. E., and Randall, H. A., 1987. Annotated checklist of the
fishes of Enewetak Atoll and other Marshall Islands, In Devaney,
D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll.
United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research,
Office of Health and Environmental Research, and Ecological
Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography
and Systematics, (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution
Center, Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 289–324.
Reese, E. S., 1987. Terrestrial environments and ecology of
Enewetak Atoll. In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural
History of Enewetak Atoll. United States Department of Energy,
Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental
Research, and Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703T1-Vol. 1 (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center,
Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 187–202.
Ristvet, B. L., 1987. Geology and geohydrology of Enewetak Atoll.
In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak
Atoll. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, and
Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 1, The
Ecosystems,
Environments,
Biotas,
and
Processes,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 37–58.
Sargent, M. C., and Austin, T. S., 1954. Biologic economy of coral
reefs. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-E,
293–300.
Schlanger, S. O., 1963. Subsurface geology of Eniwetok Atoll.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-BB, 991–1066.
Tipton, W. J., and Meibaum, R. A., 1981. An aerial radiological and
photographic survey of eleven atolls and two islands within the
Northern Marshall Islands (July-Nov. 1978). Prepared by
EG&G Electronics for the U.S. Dept. of Energy EFF-1183–
1753, UC-41, June 1981. DOE Pacific Area Support Office,
Las Vegas, and National Information Service, 5285, Port Royal
Rd, Springfield VA 22161.
Titgen, R. H., and Burch, B. L., 1987. Miscellaneous species
records of Enewetak Atoll, In Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.),
The Natural History of Enewetak Atoll. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health
and Environmental Research, and Ecological Research Division.
DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics,
(DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge,
Tennessee, pp. 337–343.
Tsuda, R. T., 1987. Marine benthic algae of Enewetak Atoll. In
Devaney, D. M., et al. (eds.), The Natural History of Enewetak
Atoll. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy
Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research, and
Ecological Research Division. DOE/EV00703-T1-Vol. 2 Biogeography and Systematics, (DE87006110). NTIS Energy Distribution Center, Oakridge, Tennessee, pp. 1–15.
Wells, J. W., 1954. Recent corals of the Marshall Islands, Bikini and
nearby atolls, II, Oceanography (Biologic). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-I, 385–486.
Wells, J. W., 1964. Fossil corals from Eniwetok Atoll, in Bikini and
nearby atolls, Marshall Islands. Geological Survey Professional
Paper 260-DD, 1101–1111.
Wiens, H. J., 1962. Atoll Environment and Ecology. New Haven,
CT/London: Yale University Press, 532p.
Cross-references
Atolls
Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882)
Funafuti Atoll
Geomorphic Zonation
Lagoon Circulation
Microatoll
Midway Atoll (Hawaiian Archipelago)
Moating
Mururoa Atoll
Pacific Coral Reefs: An Introduction
Patch Reefs: Lidar Morphometric Analysis
Reef Drilling
Subsidence Hypothesis of Reef Development
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS
ON PACIFIC REEFS
James E. Maragos
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, HI, USA
Definition
Engineering: design, planning, construction, and management of machinery, roads, causeways, buildings, bridges,
docks, airfields, fortifications, waterways, power generation, water supply, waste discharge, etc.
Introduction
The European renaissance and industrial revolution ushered in an era of unprecedented advances in, and global
demand for, modern engineering and construction capability. Five centuries ago, European explorers traveled
far from home, coming into contact with many coral reefs
for the first time, and requiring engineering that focused
ENGINEERING ON CORAL REEFS WITH EMPHASIS ON PACIFIC REEFS
391