depends on the kinds of organisms present as feeding
mode, frequency and behavior dictates the type of the
sediment mixing. The process of bioturbation, therefore,
critically impacts reef ecosystems as it influences (1) sediment sorting, (2) depth of mixing, (3) time-averaging and
preservation potential (i.e., shell age, shell loss, including
corrosion and dissolution), and (4) geochemical composition and the oxygen/redox potential within the uppermost
sediment layer.
Bibliography
Aller, R. C., 1977. The Influence of Macrobenthos on Chemical
Diagenesis of Marine Sediments, New Haven, CT (USA): Yale
University, 616.
Aller, R. C., 1982. Carbonate dissolution in nearshore terrigenous
muds: the role of physical and biological reworking. The Journal
of Geology, 90(1), 75–79.
Alongi, D. M., 1989. Benthic processes across mixed terrigenouscarbonate sedimentary facies on the central Great Barrier Reef
continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research, 9(7), 629–663.
Berner, R. A., 1980. Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 256.
Best, M. M. R., 2008. Contrast in preservation of bivalve death
assemblages in siliciclastic and carbonate tropical shelf settings.
Palaios, 23(12), 796–809.
Bradshaw, C., and Scoffin, T. P., 2001. Differential preservation of
gravel-sized bioclasts in alpheid- versus callianassid-bioturbated
muddy reefal sediments. Palaios, 16(2), 185–191.
Branch, G. M., and Pringle, A., 1987. The impact of the sand prawn
Callianassa kraussi Stebbing on sediment turnover and on bacteria, meiofauna, and benthic microflora. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 107(3), 219–235.
Callender, W. R. et al., 2002. Taphonomic trends along a forereef slope:
lee stocking island, bahamas. II. time. Palaios, 17(1), 66–83.
Carroll, M., Kowalewski, M., Simões, M. G., and Goodfriend,
G. A., 2003. Quantitative estimates of time-averaging in
terebratulid brachiopod shell accumulations from a modern tropical shelf. Paleobiology, 29(3), 381–402.
Carter, R. M., Larcombe, P., Dye, J. E., Gagan, M. K., and Johnson,
D. P., 2009. Long-shelf sediment transport and storm-bed formation by Cyclone Winifred, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Marine Geology, 267(3–4), 101–113.
Cummins, H., Powell, E. N., Stanton, R. J., and Staff, G., 1986. The rate
of taphonomic loss in modern benthic habitats: how much of the
potentially preservable community is preserved? Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 52(3–4), 291–320.
Flessa, K. W., Cutler, A. H., and Meldahl, K. H., 1993. Time and
taphonomy: quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat. Paleobiology,
19(2), 266–286.
Gagan, M. K., Johnson, D. P., and Carter, R. M., 1988. The Cyclone
Winifred storm bed, central Great Barrier Reef shelf, Australia.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5), 845–856.
Grant, J., 1983. The relative magnitude of biological and physical
sediment reworking in an intertidal community. Journal of
Marine Research, 41(4), 673–689.
Greenstein, B. J., 1991. An integrated study of echinoid taphonomy;
predictions for the fossil record of four echinoid families.
Palaios, 6(6), 519–540.
Greenstein, B. J., 1993. Is the fossil record of regular echinoids
really so poor? A comparison of living and subfossil assemblages. Palaios, 8(6), 587–601.
Hannides, A. K., Dunn, S. M., and Aller, R. C., 2005. Diffusion of
organic and inorganic solutes through macrofaunal mucus
secretions and tube linings in marine sediments. Journal of
Marine Research, 63(5), 957–981.
Hauser, I., Oschmann, W., and Gischler, E., 2009. Taphonomic signatures on modern caribbean bivalve shells as indicators of environmental conditions (Belize, Central America). Palaios, 23(9),
586–600.
Holmer, M., and Heilskov, A. C., 2008. Distribution and bioturbation effects of the tropical alpheid shrimp Alpheus macellarius
in sediments impacted by milkfish farming. Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science, 76(3), 657–667.
Kidwell, S. M., 2001. Preservation of species abundance in marine
death assemblages. Science, 294(5544), 1091–1094.
Kidwell, S. M., Best, M. M. R., and Kaufman, D. S., 2005. Taphonomic trade-offs in tropical marine death assemblages: differential time averaging, shell loss, and probable bias in siliciclastic
vs. carbonate facies. Geology, 33(9), 729–732.
Kosnik, M. A., Hua, Q., Jacobsen, G. E., Kaufman, D. S., and Wust,
R. A. J., 2007. Sediment mixing and stratigraphic disorder
revealed by the age-structure of Tellina shells in Great Barrier
Reef sediment. Geology, 35(9), 811–814.
Kosnik, M. A., Hua, Q., Kaufman, D. S., and Wust, R. A., 2009.
Taphonomic bias and time-averaging in tropical molluscan death
assemblages: differential shell half-lives in Great Barrier Reef
sediment. Paleobiology, 35(4), 565–586.
Kosnik, M. A., and Kaufman, D. S., 2008. Identifying outliers and
assessing the accuracy of amino acid racemization measurements for geochronology: II. Data screening. Quaternary Geochronology, 3(4), 328–341.
Kosnik, M. A., Kaufman, D. S., and Hua, Q., 2008. Identifying outliers and assessing the accuracy of amino acid racemization measurements for geochronology: I. Age calibration curves.
Quaternary Geochronology, 3(4), 308–327.
Kowalewski, M., 1996. Time-averaging, overcompleteness, and the
geological record. The Journal of Geology, 104(3), 317–326.
Krantzberg, G., 1985. The influence of bioturbation on physical,
chemical and biological parameters in aquatic environments:
a review. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, 39(2), 99–122.
Kristensen, E., 2000. Organic matter diagenesis at the oxic/anoxic
interface in coastal marine sediments, with emphasis on the role
of burrowing animals. Hydrobiologia, 426(1), 1–24.
Meldahl, K. H., 1987. Sedimentologic and taphonomic implications
of biogenic stratification. Palaios, 2(4), 350–358.
Meldahl, K. H., Flessa, K. W., and Cutler, A. H., 1997. Timeaveraging and postmortem skeletal survival in benthic fossil
assemblages: quantitative comparisons among Holocene environments. Paleobiology, 23(2), 207–229.
Moran, P. J., 1992. Preliminary observations of the decomposition
of crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.). Coral
Reefs, 11(2), 115–118.
Myers, A. C., 1977. Tube-worm-sediment relationship of Diopatra
cuprea (Polychaeta: Onuphidae). Marine Biology, 17(4),
350–356.
Nedwell, D. B., and Blackburn, T. H., 1987. Anaerobic metabolism
in lagoon sediments from Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 25(3), 347–353.
O’Leary, M. J., Perry, C. T., Beavington-Penney, S. J., and Turner,
J. R., 2009. The significant role of sediment bio-retexturing
within a contemporary carbonate platform system: implications
for carbonate microfacies development. Sedimentary Geology,
219(1–4), 169–179.
Pandolfi, J. M., 1992. A palaeobiological examination of the geological evidence for recurring outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns
starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.). Coral Reefs, 11(2), 87–93.
Perry, C. T., 1998. Grain susceptibility to the effects of microboring:
implications for the preservation of skeletal carbonates. Sedimentology, 45(1), 39–51.
162
BIOTURBATION
mode, frequency and behavior dictates the type of the
sediment mixing. The process of bioturbation, therefore,
critically impacts reef ecosystems as it influences (1) sediment sorting, (2) depth of mixing, (3) time-averaging and
preservation potential (i.e., shell age, shell loss, including
corrosion and dissolution), and (4) geochemical composition and the oxygen/redox potential within the uppermost
sediment layer.
Bibliography
Aller, R. C., 1977. The Influence of Macrobenthos on Chemical
Diagenesis of Marine Sediments, New Haven, CT (USA): Yale
University, 616.
Aller, R. C., 1982. Carbonate dissolution in nearshore terrigenous
muds: the role of physical and biological reworking. The Journal
of Geology, 90(1), 75–79.
Alongi, D. M., 1989. Benthic processes across mixed terrigenouscarbonate sedimentary facies on the central Great Barrier Reef
continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research, 9(7), 629–663.
Berner, R. A., 1980. Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 256.
Best, M. M. R., 2008. Contrast in preservation of bivalve death
assemblages in siliciclastic and carbonate tropical shelf settings.
Palaios, 23(12), 796–809.
Bradshaw, C., and Scoffin, T. P., 2001. Differential preservation of
gravel-sized bioclasts in alpheid- versus callianassid-bioturbated
muddy reefal sediments. Palaios, 16(2), 185–191.
Branch, G. M., and Pringle, A., 1987. The impact of the sand prawn
Callianassa kraussi Stebbing on sediment turnover and on bacteria, meiofauna, and benthic microflora. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 107(3), 219–235.
Callender, W. R. et al., 2002. Taphonomic trends along a forereef slope:
lee stocking island, bahamas. II. time. Palaios, 17(1), 66–83.
Carroll, M., Kowalewski, M., Simões, M. G., and Goodfriend,
G. A., 2003. Quantitative estimates of time-averaging in
terebratulid brachiopod shell accumulations from a modern tropical shelf. Paleobiology, 29(3), 381–402.
Carter, R. M., Larcombe, P., Dye, J. E., Gagan, M. K., and Johnson,
D. P., 2009. Long-shelf sediment transport and storm-bed formation by Cyclone Winifred, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Marine Geology, 267(3–4), 101–113.
Cummins, H., Powell, E. N., Stanton, R. J., and Staff, G., 1986. The rate
of taphonomic loss in modern benthic habitats: how much of the
potentially preservable community is preserved? Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 52(3–4), 291–320.
Flessa, K. W., Cutler, A. H., and Meldahl, K. H., 1993. Time and
taphonomy: quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat. Paleobiology,
19(2), 266–286.
Gagan, M. K., Johnson, D. P., and Carter, R. M., 1988. The Cyclone
Winifred storm bed, central Great Barrier Reef shelf, Australia.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5), 845–856.
Grant, J., 1983. The relative magnitude of biological and physical
sediment reworking in an intertidal community. Journal of
Marine Research, 41(4), 673–689.
Greenstein, B. J., 1991. An integrated study of echinoid taphonomy;
predictions for the fossil record of four echinoid families.
Palaios, 6(6), 519–540.
Greenstein, B. J., 1993. Is the fossil record of regular echinoids
really so poor? A comparison of living and subfossil assemblages. Palaios, 8(6), 587–601.
Hannides, A. K., Dunn, S. M., and Aller, R. C., 2005. Diffusion of
organic and inorganic solutes through macrofaunal mucus
secretions and tube linings in marine sediments. Journal of
Marine Research, 63(5), 957–981.
Hauser, I., Oschmann, W., and Gischler, E., 2009. Taphonomic signatures on modern caribbean bivalve shells as indicators of environmental conditions (Belize, Central America). Palaios, 23(9),
586–600.
Holmer, M., and Heilskov, A. C., 2008. Distribution and bioturbation effects of the tropical alpheid shrimp Alpheus macellarius
in sediments impacted by milkfish farming. Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science, 76(3), 657–667.
Kidwell, S. M., 2001. Preservation of species abundance in marine
death assemblages. Science, 294(5544), 1091–1094.
Kidwell, S. M., Best, M. M. R., and Kaufman, D. S., 2005. Taphonomic trade-offs in tropical marine death assemblages: differential time averaging, shell loss, and probable bias in siliciclastic
vs. carbonate facies. Geology, 33(9), 729–732.
Kosnik, M. A., Hua, Q., Jacobsen, G. E., Kaufman, D. S., and Wust,
R. A. J., 2007. Sediment mixing and stratigraphic disorder
revealed by the age-structure of Tellina shells in Great Barrier
Reef sediment. Geology, 35(9), 811–814.
Kosnik, M. A., Hua, Q., Kaufman, D. S., and Wust, R. A., 2009.
Taphonomic bias and time-averaging in tropical molluscan death
assemblages: differential shell half-lives in Great Barrier Reef
sediment. Paleobiology, 35(4), 565–586.
Kosnik, M. A., and Kaufman, D. S., 2008. Identifying outliers and
assessing the accuracy of amino acid racemization measurements for geochronology: II. Data screening. Quaternary Geochronology, 3(4), 328–341.
Kosnik, M. A., Kaufman, D. S., and Hua, Q., 2008. Identifying outliers and assessing the accuracy of amino acid racemization measurements for geochronology: I. Age calibration curves.
Quaternary Geochronology, 3(4), 308–327.
Kowalewski, M., 1996. Time-averaging, overcompleteness, and the
geological record. The Journal of Geology, 104(3), 317–326.
Krantzberg, G., 1985. The influence of bioturbation on physical,
chemical and biological parameters in aquatic environments:
a review. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, 39(2), 99–122.
Kristensen, E., 2000. Organic matter diagenesis at the oxic/anoxic
interface in coastal marine sediments, with emphasis on the role
of burrowing animals. Hydrobiologia, 426(1), 1–24.
Meldahl, K. H., 1987. Sedimentologic and taphonomic implications
of biogenic stratification. Palaios, 2(4), 350–358.
Meldahl, K. H., Flessa, K. W., and Cutler, A. H., 1997. Timeaveraging and postmortem skeletal survival in benthic fossil
assemblages: quantitative comparisons among Holocene environments. Paleobiology, 23(2), 207–229.
Moran, P. J., 1992. Preliminary observations of the decomposition
of crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.). Coral
Reefs, 11(2), 115–118.
Myers, A. C., 1977. Tube-worm-sediment relationship of Diopatra
cuprea (Polychaeta: Onuphidae). Marine Biology, 17(4),
350–356.
Nedwell, D. B., and Blackburn, T. H., 1987. Anaerobic metabolism
in lagoon sediments from Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 25(3), 347–353.
O’Leary, M. J., Perry, C. T., Beavington-Penney, S. J., and Turner,
J. R., 2009. The significant role of sediment bio-retexturing
within a contemporary carbonate platform system: implications
for carbonate microfacies development. Sedimentary Geology,
219(1–4), 169–179.
Pandolfi, J. M., 1992. A palaeobiological examination of the geological evidence for recurring outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns
starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.). Coral Reefs, 11(2), 87–93.
Perry, C. T., 1998. Grain susceptibility to the effects of microboring:
implications for the preservation of skeletal carbonates. Sedimentology, 45(1), 39–51.
162
BIOTURBATION