incised valleys, Belize southern lagoon. American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 82, 2075–2109.
Ferro, C. E., Droxler, A. W., Anderson, J. B., and Mucciarone, D.,
1999. Late Quaternary shift of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate
environments induced by glacial eustatic sea-level fluctuations
in Belize. Special Publication – Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 63, 385–411.
Gischler, E., 2003. Holocene lagoonal development in isolated carbonate platforms of Belize. Sedimentary Geology, 159, 113–132.
Gischler, E., 2006a. Pleistocene facies of Belize barrier and atoll
reefs. Facies, 52, 27–41.
Gischler, E., 2006b. Comment on “Corrected western Atlantic sealevel curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated
14 C dates
from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove
peat” by Toscano and Macintyre. Coral Reefs 22: 257–270
(2003), and their response in Coral Reefs 24:187–190 (2005).
Coral Reefs, 25, 273–279.
Gischler, E., 2008. Accretion patterns in Holocene tropical coral
reefs: do massive coral reefs with slowly growing corals accrete
faster than branched coral (acroporid) reefs with rapidly growing
corals? International Journal of Earth Sciences, 97, 851–859.
Gischler, E., Ginsburg, R. N., Herrle, J. O., and Prasad, S., 2010.
Mixed carbonates and siliciclastics in the Quaternary of southern
Belize: Pleistocene turning points in reef development controlled
by sea-level change. Sedimentology, 57, in press.
Gischler, E., and Hudson, J. H., 1998. Holocene development of
three isolated carbonate platforms, Belize, Central America.
Marine Geology, 144, 333–347.
Gischler, E., and Hudson, J. H., 2004. Holocene development of the
Belize Barrier Reef. Sedimentary Geology, 164, 223–236.
Gischler, E., and Lomando, A. J., 1999. Recent sedimentary facies
of isolated carbonate platforms, Belize-Yucatan system, Central
America. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 747–763.
Gischler, E., and Zingeler, D., 2002. The origin of carbonate mud in
isolated carbonate platforms of Belize, Central America. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 1054–1070.
James, N. P., and Ginsburg, R. N., (eds.), 1979. The seaward margin
of Belize barrier and atoll reefs. Special Publication – International Association of Sedimentologists, 3, 191 p.
James, N. P., Ginsburg, R. N., Marszalek, D. S., and Choquette,
P. W., 1976. Facies and fabric specificity of early subsea cements
in shallow Belize (British Honduras) reefs. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 46, 523–544.
Lara, M. E., 1993. Divergent wrench faulting in the Belize southern
lagoon: implications for Tertiary Caribbean plate movements
and Quaternary reef distribution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 1041–1063.
Macintyre, I. G., and Aronson, R. B., 2006. Lithified and unlithified
Mg-calcite precipitates in tropical reef environments. Journal of
Sedimentary Research, 76, 81–90.
Macintyre, I. G., Graus, R. R., Reinthal, P. N., Littler, M. M., and
Littler, D. S., 1987. The barrier reef sediment apron: Tobacco
Reef, Belize. Coral Reefs, 6, 1–12.
Matthews, R. K., 1966. Genesis of recent lime mud in British
Honduras. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36, 428–454.
Mazzullo, S. J., 2006. Late Pliocene to Holocene platform evolution
in northern Belize, and comparison with coeval deposits in southern Belize and the Bahamas. Sedimentology, 53, 1015–1047.
McField, M. D., 2000. Influence of disturbance on coral reef community structure in Belize. In Proceedings 9th International
Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Vol. 1, pp. 63–68.
McField, M. D., Hallock, P., and Jaap, W. C., 2001. Multivariate
analysis of reef community structure in the Belize Barrier Reef
complex. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 745–758.
Mumby, P. J., 1999. Bleaching and hurricane disturbances to
populations of coral recruits in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 190, 27–35.
Purdy, E. G., 1974. Karst determined facies patterns in British
Honduras: Holocene carbonate sedimentation model. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 58, 825–855.
Purdy, E. G., 1998. Structural termination of the southern end of the
Belize Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 17, 231–234.
Purdy, E. G., and Gischler, E., 2003. The Belize margin revisited: 1.
Holocene marine facies. International Journal of Earth
Sciences, 92, 532–551.
Purdy, E. G., Gischler, E., and Lomando, A. J., 2003. The Belize
margin revisited: 2. Origin of Holocene antecedent topography.
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 552–572.
Reid, R. P., Macintyre, I. G., and Post, J. E., 1992. Micritized skeletal grains in northern Belize lagoon: a major source of Mg-calcite
mud. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 145–156.
Rützler, K., and Macintyre, I. G., (eds.), 1982. The Atlantic barrier reef
ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, 539 p.
Stoddart, D. R., 1962. Three Caribbean atolls: Turneffe Islands,
Lighthouse Reef, and Glover’s Reef, British Honduras. Atoll
Research Bulletin, 87, 151 p.
Stoddart, D. R., 1963. Effects of Hurricane Hattie on the British
Honduras reefs and cays, October 30–31, 1961. Atoll Research
Bulletin, 95, 142 p.
Stoddart, D. R., 1965. British Honduras cays and the low wooded
island problem. Institute of British Geographers, Transactions
and Papers, 36, 131–147.
Toscano, M. A., and Macintyre, I. G., 2003. Corrected western
Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated
14 C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat. Coral Reefs, 22, 257–270.
Wantland, K. F., and Pusey, W. C., (eds.), 1975. Belize shelf –
carbonate sediments, clastic sediments, and ecology. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, 2,
599 p.
Cross-references
Antecedent Platforms
Barrier Reef (Ribbon Reef )
Eastern Caribbean Coral Reefs
Great Barrier Reef Committee
Holocene Reefs: Thickness and Characteristics
Mangrove Islands
Seagrasses
Stoddart, David Ross (1937–)
Western Atlantic/Caribbean, Coral Reefs
BERMUDA
Alan Logan
1
, Thaddeus Murdoch
2
1
University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada
2
Bermuda Zoological Society, Flatts, Bermuda
Definition and introduction
The British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, a crescentshaped chain of about 150 islands, lies in the north-west
Atlantic Ocean at 32
20
0 N and 64
45
0 W, about 1,500 km
south of Halifax, NS. The regional setting and geological
foundation of Bermuda’s coral reefs are summarized in
Logan (1992). Physiographically, Bermuda is an atoll, in
that a peripheral annular reef tract and islands form
a mostly submerged 26- by 52-km ellipse around
118
BERMUDA
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 82, 2075–2109.
Ferro, C. E., Droxler, A. W., Anderson, J. B., and Mucciarone, D.,
1999. Late Quaternary shift of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate
environments induced by glacial eustatic sea-level fluctuations
in Belize. Special Publication – Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 63, 385–411.
Gischler, E., 2003. Holocene lagoonal development in isolated carbonate platforms of Belize. Sedimentary Geology, 159, 113–132.
Gischler, E., 2006a. Pleistocene facies of Belize barrier and atoll
reefs. Facies, 52, 27–41.
Gischler, E., 2006b. Comment on “Corrected western Atlantic sealevel curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated
14 C dates
from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove
peat” by Toscano and Macintyre. Coral Reefs 22: 257–270
(2003), and their response in Coral Reefs 24:187–190 (2005).
Coral Reefs, 25, 273–279.
Gischler, E., 2008. Accretion patterns in Holocene tropical coral
reefs: do massive coral reefs with slowly growing corals accrete
faster than branched coral (acroporid) reefs with rapidly growing
corals? International Journal of Earth Sciences, 97, 851–859.
Gischler, E., Ginsburg, R. N., Herrle, J. O., and Prasad, S., 2010.
Mixed carbonates and siliciclastics in the Quaternary of southern
Belize: Pleistocene turning points in reef development controlled
by sea-level change. Sedimentology, 57, in press.
Gischler, E., and Hudson, J. H., 1998. Holocene development of
three isolated carbonate platforms, Belize, Central America.
Marine Geology, 144, 333–347.
Gischler, E., and Hudson, J. H., 2004. Holocene development of the
Belize Barrier Reef. Sedimentary Geology, 164, 223–236.
Gischler, E., and Lomando, A. J., 1999. Recent sedimentary facies
of isolated carbonate platforms, Belize-Yucatan system, Central
America. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 747–763.
Gischler, E., and Zingeler, D., 2002. The origin of carbonate mud in
isolated carbonate platforms of Belize, Central America. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 1054–1070.
James, N. P., and Ginsburg, R. N., (eds.), 1979. The seaward margin
of Belize barrier and atoll reefs. Special Publication – International Association of Sedimentologists, 3, 191 p.
James, N. P., Ginsburg, R. N., Marszalek, D. S., and Choquette,
P. W., 1976. Facies and fabric specificity of early subsea cements
in shallow Belize (British Honduras) reefs. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 46, 523–544.
Lara, M. E., 1993. Divergent wrench faulting in the Belize southern
lagoon: implications for Tertiary Caribbean plate movements
and Quaternary reef distribution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 1041–1063.
Macintyre, I. G., and Aronson, R. B., 2006. Lithified and unlithified
Mg-calcite precipitates in tropical reef environments. Journal of
Sedimentary Research, 76, 81–90.
Macintyre, I. G., Graus, R. R., Reinthal, P. N., Littler, M. M., and
Littler, D. S., 1987. The barrier reef sediment apron: Tobacco
Reef, Belize. Coral Reefs, 6, 1–12.
Matthews, R. K., 1966. Genesis of recent lime mud in British
Honduras. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36, 428–454.
Mazzullo, S. J., 2006. Late Pliocene to Holocene platform evolution
in northern Belize, and comparison with coeval deposits in southern Belize and the Bahamas. Sedimentology, 53, 1015–1047.
McField, M. D., 2000. Influence of disturbance on coral reef community structure in Belize. In Proceedings 9th International
Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Vol. 1, pp. 63–68.
McField, M. D., Hallock, P., and Jaap, W. C., 2001. Multivariate
analysis of reef community structure in the Belize Barrier Reef
complex. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 745–758.
Mumby, P. J., 1999. Bleaching and hurricane disturbances to
populations of coral recruits in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 190, 27–35.
Purdy, E. G., 1974. Karst determined facies patterns in British
Honduras: Holocene carbonate sedimentation model. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 58, 825–855.
Purdy, E. G., 1998. Structural termination of the southern end of the
Belize Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 17, 231–234.
Purdy, E. G., and Gischler, E., 2003. The Belize margin revisited: 1.
Holocene marine facies. International Journal of Earth
Sciences, 92, 532–551.
Purdy, E. G., Gischler, E., and Lomando, A. J., 2003. The Belize
margin revisited: 2. Origin of Holocene antecedent topography.
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 552–572.
Reid, R. P., Macintyre, I. G., and Post, J. E., 1992. Micritized skeletal grains in northern Belize lagoon: a major source of Mg-calcite
mud. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 145–156.
Rützler, K., and Macintyre, I. G., (eds.), 1982. The Atlantic barrier reef
ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, 539 p.
Stoddart, D. R., 1962. Three Caribbean atolls: Turneffe Islands,
Lighthouse Reef, and Glover’s Reef, British Honduras. Atoll
Research Bulletin, 87, 151 p.
Stoddart, D. R., 1963. Effects of Hurricane Hattie on the British
Honduras reefs and cays, October 30–31, 1961. Atoll Research
Bulletin, 95, 142 p.
Stoddart, D. R., 1965. British Honduras cays and the low wooded
island problem. Institute of British Geographers, Transactions
and Papers, 36, 131–147.
Toscano, M. A., and Macintyre, I. G., 2003. Corrected western
Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated
14 C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat. Coral Reefs, 22, 257–270.
Wantland, K. F., and Pusey, W. C., (eds.), 1975. Belize shelf –
carbonate sediments, clastic sediments, and ecology. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, 2,
599 p.
Cross-references
Antecedent Platforms
Barrier Reef (Ribbon Reef )
Eastern Caribbean Coral Reefs
Great Barrier Reef Committee
Holocene Reefs: Thickness and Characteristics
Mangrove Islands
Seagrasses
Stoddart, David Ross (1937–)
Western Atlantic/Caribbean, Coral Reefs
BERMUDA
Alan Logan
1
, Thaddeus Murdoch
2
1
University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada
2
Bermuda Zoological Society, Flatts, Bermuda
Definition and introduction
The British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, a crescentshaped chain of about 150 islands, lies in the north-west
Atlantic Ocean at 32
20
0 N and 64
45
0 W, about 1,500 km
south of Halifax, NS. The regional setting and geological
foundation of Bermuda’s coral reefs are summarized in
Logan (1992). Physiographically, Bermuda is an atoll, in
that a peripheral annular reef tract and islands form
a mostly submerged 26- by 52-km ellipse around
118
BERMUDA