58
Kock K–H (2005b) Antarctic icefi shes ( Channichthyidae ): a unique family of fi shes. A review, part
II. Polar Biol 28:897–909
Kratt LF, Smith RJF (1978) Breeding tubercles occur on male and female Arctic Grayling
( Thymallus arcticus ). Copeia 1:185–188
Krauss S, Monsonego–Ornan E, Zelzer E et al (2009) Mechanical function of a complex three–
dimensional suture joining the bony elements in the shell of the red–eared slider turtle. Adv
Mater 21:407–412
Kriwet J, Gadzdicki A (2003) New Eocene Antarctic chimeroid fi sh (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes).
Pol Polar Res 24(1):29–51
Ksepka DT, Clarke JA (2010) The basal penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes devriesi and
a phylogenetic evaluation of the penguin fossil record. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 337:1–77
Kuchel LJ, Franklin CE (2000) Morphology of the cloaca in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus
porosus , and its plastic response to salinity. J Morphol 245:168–176. Copyright © 2000 WileyLiss, Inc. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Kuratani S, Ota KG (2008) Hagfi sh (Cyclostomata, Vertebrata): searching for the ancestral
developmental plan of vertebrates. BioEssays 30(2):167–172
Kuratani S, Kuraku S, Nagashima H (2011) Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin
of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial
ridge. Evol Dev 13(1):1–14. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Kutschera U (2005) Predator-driven macroevolution in fl ying fi shes inferred from behavioral
studies: historical controversies and a hypothesis. Ann Hist Philos Biol 10:59–78
Lauder GV (1983) Functional design and evolution of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in euteleostean
fi shes. Zool J Linnean Soc 77:1–38
Lauder GV (2000) Function of the caudal fi n during locomotion in fi shes: kinematics, fl ow visualization,
and evolutionary patterns. Am Zool 40:101–122
Lauder GV, Drucker E (2002) Forces, fi shes, and fl uids: hydrodynamic mechanisms of aquatic
locomotion. News Physiol Sci 17:235–240
Lauder GV, Liem KF (1983) The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fi shes.
Bull Mus Comp Zool 150:95–197
Lauder GV, Nauen J, Drucker EG (2002) Experimental hydrodynamics and evolution: function of
median fi ns in ray–fi nned fi shes. Integr Comp Biol 42:1009–1017
Lauder GV, Drucker EG, Nauen J et al (2003) Experimental hydrodynamics and evolution: caudal
fi n locomotion in fi shes. In: Bels V, Gasc J–P, Casinos A (eds) Vertebrate biomechanics and
evolution. Bios Scientifi c Publishers, Oxford
Laurin M (2002) Tetrapod phylogeny, amphibian origins, and the defi nition of the name Tetrapoda.
Syst Biol 51:364–369
Laurin M (2010) How vertebrates left the water. University of California Press, Berkeley
Laurin M, Soler–Gijón R (2010) Osmotic tolerance and habitat of early stegocephalians: indirect
evidence from parsimony, taphonomy, palaeobiogeography, physiology and morphology. Geol
Soc Lond Spec Publ 339:151–179
Lequette B, Verheyden C, Jowentin P (1989) Olfaction in subantarctic seabirds: its phylogenetic
and ecological signifi cance. Condor 91:732–735
Lillywhite HB et al (2009) Republished with permission of The Company of Biologists Ltd,
from Lillywhite HB, Menon JG, Menon GK et al (2009) Water exchange and permeability
properties of the skin in three species of amphibious sea snakes (Laticauda spp.). J Exp Biol
212:1921–1929, Copyright (2009); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc
Lim J, Fudge DS, Levy N et al (2006) Hagfi sh slime ecomechanics: testing the gill–clogging
hypothesis. J Exp Biol 209:702–710
Lin YS, Wei CT, Olevsky EA et al (2011) Mechanical properties and the laminate structure of
Arapaima gigas scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 4(7):1145–1152
Lingham–Soliar T (1999) Rare soft–tissue preservation showing fi brous structures in an ichthyosaur
from the Lower Lias (Jurassic) of England. Proc R Soc B 266:2367–2373
1 Introduction
Kock K–H (2005b) Antarctic icefi shes ( Channichthyidae ): a unique family of fi shes. A review, part
II. Polar Biol 28:897–909
Kratt LF, Smith RJF (1978) Breeding tubercles occur on male and female Arctic Grayling
( Thymallus arcticus ). Copeia 1:185–188
Krauss S, Monsonego–Ornan E, Zelzer E et al (2009) Mechanical function of a complex three–
dimensional suture joining the bony elements in the shell of the red–eared slider turtle. Adv
Mater 21:407–412
Kriwet J, Gadzdicki A (2003) New Eocene Antarctic chimeroid fi sh (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes).
Pol Polar Res 24(1):29–51
Ksepka DT, Clarke JA (2010) The basal penguin (Aves: Sphenisciformes) Perudyptes devriesi and
a phylogenetic evaluation of the penguin fossil record. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 337:1–77
Kuchel LJ, Franklin CE (2000) Morphology of the cloaca in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus
porosus , and its plastic response to salinity. J Morphol 245:168–176. Copyright © 2000 WileyLiss, Inc. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Kuratani S, Ota KG (2008) Hagfi sh (Cyclostomata, Vertebrata): searching for the ancestral
developmental plan of vertebrates. BioEssays 30(2):167–172
Kuratani S, Kuraku S, Nagashima H (2011) Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin
of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial
ridge. Evol Dev 13(1):1–14. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons
Kutschera U (2005) Predator-driven macroevolution in fl ying fi shes inferred from behavioral
studies: historical controversies and a hypothesis. Ann Hist Philos Biol 10:59–78
Lauder GV (1983) Functional design and evolution of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in euteleostean
fi shes. Zool J Linnean Soc 77:1–38
Lauder GV (2000) Function of the caudal fi n during locomotion in fi shes: kinematics, fl ow visualization,
and evolutionary patterns. Am Zool 40:101–122
Lauder GV, Drucker E (2002) Forces, fi shes, and fl uids: hydrodynamic mechanisms of aquatic
locomotion. News Physiol Sci 17:235–240
Lauder GV, Liem KF (1983) The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fi shes.
Bull Mus Comp Zool 150:95–197
Lauder GV, Nauen J, Drucker EG (2002) Experimental hydrodynamics and evolution: function of
median fi ns in ray–fi nned fi shes. Integr Comp Biol 42:1009–1017
Lauder GV, Drucker EG, Nauen J et al (2003) Experimental hydrodynamics and evolution: caudal
fi n locomotion in fi shes. In: Bels V, Gasc J–P, Casinos A (eds) Vertebrate biomechanics and
evolution. Bios Scientifi c Publishers, Oxford
Laurin M (2002) Tetrapod phylogeny, amphibian origins, and the defi nition of the name Tetrapoda.
Syst Biol 51:364–369
Laurin M (2010) How vertebrates left the water. University of California Press, Berkeley
Laurin M, Soler–Gijón R (2010) Osmotic tolerance and habitat of early stegocephalians: indirect
evidence from parsimony, taphonomy, palaeobiogeography, physiology and morphology. Geol
Soc Lond Spec Publ 339:151–179
Lequette B, Verheyden C, Jowentin P (1989) Olfaction in subantarctic seabirds: its phylogenetic
and ecological signifi cance. Condor 91:732–735
Lillywhite HB et al (2009) Republished with permission of The Company of Biologists Ltd,
from Lillywhite HB, Menon JG, Menon GK et al (2009) Water exchange and permeability
properties of the skin in three species of amphibious sea snakes (Laticauda spp.). J Exp Biol
212:1921–1929, Copyright (2009); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc
Lim J, Fudge DS, Levy N et al (2006) Hagfi sh slime ecomechanics: testing the gill–clogging
hypothesis. J Exp Biol 209:702–710
Lin YS, Wei CT, Olevsky EA et al (2011) Mechanical properties and the laminate structure of
Arapaima gigas scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 4(7):1145–1152
Lingham–Soliar T (1999) Rare soft–tissue preservation showing fi brous structures in an ichthyosaur
from the Lower Lias (Jurassic) of England. Proc R Soc B 266:2367–2373
1 Introduction