20
G.R. Carvalho et al.
Table 1.1 (continued)
Molecular
approach
Organism
targeted
Tested on
larvae?
Used in
ecological
studies?
Fox et al.
(2005)
TaqMan PCR
Gadus morhua (cod)
Yes
Yes
Vadopalas
et al.
(2006)
Real-time PCR
Haliotis kamtschatkana (pinto
abalone)
Yes
No
Morgan and
Rogers
(2001)
Microsatellites
Ostrea edulis (flat oyster)
Yes
No
Zhan et al.
(2008)
Microsatellites
Chlamys farreri (Zhikong scallop) Yes
No
Barki et al.
(2000)
AFLP
Parerythropodium fluvum fluvum
(soft coral)
Yes
No
Arnold et al.
(2005)
Blot hybridization
with18S rRNA
targeted probes
Mercenaria (bivalve)
Yes
Yes
Kochzius
et al.
(2008)
Microarrays
Boops boops, Engraulis
encrasicolus, Helicolenus
dactylopterus, Lophius
budegassa, Pagellus acarne,
Scomber scombrus,
Scophthalmus rhombus,
Serranus cabrilla, Sparus
aurata, Trachurus sp., Triglidae
(fish)
No
No
Pradillon
et al.
(2007)
Whole larvae in
situ
hybridization
with 18S rRNA
targeted probes
Riftia pachyptila, Tevnia
jerichonana (hydrothermal vent
polychaetes), Crassostrea gigas
(Pacific oyster)
Yes
No
Le Goff-Vitry
et al.
(2007)
Whole larvae in
situ
hybridization
with 18S rRNA
targeted probes
Ostrea edulis, Cerastoderma
edule, Macoma balthica,
Mytilus sp., Nucula sp.,
Glycymeris sp., Pectinidae,
Veneridae (bivalves)
Yes
No
The application of DNA barcoding for larval identification has faced technical obstacles, such as the applicability of a universal molecular marker (Shearer
and Cofforth 2008), the restricted number of sequences available in databases
(Barber and Boyce 2006, Webb et al. 2006, Richardson et al. 2007) and the lack
of taxonomic resolution (Webb et al. 2006). Molecular approaches have addressed
previously intractable larval ecological issues, yet, several major limitations still
hamper their routine use in environmental studies, including quantification and
G.R. Carvalho et al.
Table 1.1 (continued)
Molecular
approach
Organism
targeted
Tested on
larvae?
Used in
ecological
studies?
Fox et al.
(2005)
TaqMan PCR
Gadus morhua (cod)
Yes
Yes
Vadopalas
et al.
(2006)
Real-time PCR
Haliotis kamtschatkana (pinto
abalone)
Yes
No
Morgan and
Rogers
(2001)
Microsatellites
Ostrea edulis (flat oyster)
Yes
No
Zhan et al.
(2008)
Microsatellites
Chlamys farreri (Zhikong scallop) Yes
No
Barki et al.
(2000)
AFLP
Parerythropodium fluvum fluvum
(soft coral)
Yes
No
Arnold et al.
(2005)
Blot hybridization
with18S rRNA
targeted probes
Mercenaria (bivalve)
Yes
Yes
Kochzius
et al.
(2008)
Microarrays
Boops boops, Engraulis
encrasicolus, Helicolenus
dactylopterus, Lophius
budegassa, Pagellus acarne,
Scomber scombrus,
Scophthalmus rhombus,
Serranus cabrilla, Sparus
aurata, Trachurus sp., Triglidae
(fish)
No
No
Pradillon
et al.
(2007)
Whole larvae in
situ
hybridization
with 18S rRNA
targeted probes
Riftia pachyptila, Tevnia
jerichonana (hydrothermal vent
polychaetes), Crassostrea gigas
(Pacific oyster)
Yes
No
Le Goff-Vitry
et al.
(2007)
Whole larvae in
situ
hybridization
with 18S rRNA
targeted probes
Ostrea edulis, Cerastoderma
edule, Macoma balthica,
Mytilus sp., Nucula sp.,
Glycymeris sp., Pectinidae,
Veneridae (bivalves)
Yes
No
The application of DNA barcoding for larval identification has faced technical obstacles, such as the applicability of a universal molecular marker (Shearer
and Cofforth 2008), the restricted number of sequences available in databases
(Barber and Boyce 2006, Webb et al. 2006, Richardson et al. 2007) and the lack
of taxonomic resolution (Webb et al. 2006). Molecular approaches have addressed
previously intractable larval ecological issues, yet, several major limitations still
hamper their routine use in environmental studies, including quantification and