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urmetazoa: basis for genetic complexity of Metazoa. Intern Rev Cytol 235:53–92
M€ uller WEG, Rothenberger M, Boreiko A, Tremel W, Reiber A, Schr€ oder HC (2005) Formation
of siliceous spicules in the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. Cell Tissue Res
321:285–297
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Sci First Hand 6:26–35
M€ uller WEG, Belikov SI, Tremel W, Perry CC, Gieskes WWC, Boreiko A, Schr€ oder HC (2006b)
Siliceous spicules in marine demosponges (example Suberites domuncula). Micron
37:107–120
M€ uller WEG, Eckert C, Kropf K, Wang XH, Schloßmacher U, Seckert C, Wolf SE, Tremel W,
Schr€ oder HC (2007a) Formation of the giant spicules of the deep sea hexactinellid
Monorhaphis chuni (Schulze 1904): electron microscopical and biochemical studies. Cell
Tissue Res 329:363–378
M€ uller WEG, Li J, Schr€ oder HC, Qiao L, Wang XH (2007b) The unique skeleton of siliceous
sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the urmetazoa
during the proterozoic: a review. Biogeosciences 4:219–232
M€ uller WEG, Wang XH, Belikov SI, Tremel W, Schloßmacher U, Natoli A, Brandt D, Boreiko A,
Tahir MN, M€ uller IM, Schr€ oder HC (2007c) Formation of siliceous spicules in demosponges:
example Suberites domuncula. In: B€ auerlein E (ed) Handbook of biomineralization, vol 1, The
biology of biominerals structure formation. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 59–82
M€ uller WEG, Jochum K, Stoll B, Wang XH (2008a) Formation of giant spicule from quartz glass
by the deep sea sponge Monorhaphis. Chem Mater 20:4703–4711
278
W.E.G. M€ uller et al.
JW, Klein C (eds) All in the proterozoic biosphere: a multidisciplinary study. Cambridge
University Press, New York, pp 159–164
Kazmierczak J, Kempe S, Altermann W (2004) Microbial origin of Precambrian carbonates:
lessons from modern analogues. In: Eriksson PG (ed) The Precambrian earth: tempos and
events. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 545–564
Kempe S, Degens ET (1985) An early soda ocean? Chem Geol 53(95–108):95
Kendall T (2000) Written in sand – the world of specialty silicas. Ind Miner 390:49–59
Kikuchi Y, Suzuki Y, Tamiya N (1983) The source of oxygen in the reaction catalysed by collagen
lysyl hydroxylase. Biochem J 213:507–512
Knoll AH, Carroll SB (1999) Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology
and geology. Science 284:2129–2137
Kyte J, Doolittle RF (1982) A simple method for displaying the hydrophobic character of a protein.
J Mol Biol 157:105–132
Le ´vi C (1970) Les cellules des e ´ponges. In: Fry WG (ed) The biology of the Porifera. Symp Zool
Soc Lond, vol 25. Academic, New York, pp 353–364
Leys SP, Mackie GO, Meech RW (1999) Impulse conduction in a sponge. J Exp Biol
202:1139–1150
Li CW, Chen JY, Hua TE (1998) Precambrian sponges with cellular structures. Science
279:879–882
Maas O (1901) Die Knospenentwicklung der Tethya und ihr Vergleich mit der geschlechtlichen
Fortpflanzung der Schw€ amme. Z wiss Zool 70:263–288
Maldonado M, Carmona MC, Uriz MJ, Cruzado A (1999) Decline in Mesozoic reef-building
sponges explained by silicon limitation. Nature 401:785–788
Morey RO, Rowe JJ (1964) The solubility of amorphous silica at 25
C. J Geophys Res
69:1995–2002
M€ uller WEG (1998) Origin of Metazoa: sponges as living fossils. Naturwiss 85:11–25
M€ uller WEG (2001) How was the metazoan threshold crossed? The hypothetical urmetazoa.
Comp Biochem Physiol A 129:433–460
M€ uller WEG, Wiens M, Adell T, Gamulin V, Schr€ oder HC, M€ uller IM (2004) Bauplan of
urmetazoa: basis for genetic complexity of Metazoa. Intern Rev Cytol 235:53–92
M€ uller WEG, Rothenberger M, Boreiko A, Tremel W, Reiber A, Schr€ oder HC (2005) Formation
of siliceous spicules in the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. Cell Tissue Res
321:285–297
M€ uller WEG, Belikov SI, Schr€ oder HC (2006a) Biosilica – raw material of the new millennium.
Sci First Hand 6:26–35
M€ uller WEG, Belikov SI, Tremel W, Perry CC, Gieskes WWC, Boreiko A, Schr€ oder HC (2006b)
Siliceous spicules in marine demosponges (example Suberites domuncula). Micron
37:107–120
M€ uller WEG, Eckert C, Kropf K, Wang XH, Schloßmacher U, Seckert C, Wolf SE, Tremel W,
Schr€ oder HC (2007a) Formation of the giant spicules of the deep sea hexactinellid
Monorhaphis chuni (Schulze 1904): electron microscopical and biochemical studies. Cell
Tissue Res 329:363–378
M€ uller WEG, Li J, Schr€ oder HC, Qiao L, Wang XH (2007b) The unique skeleton of siliceous
sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the urmetazoa
during the proterozoic: a review. Biogeosciences 4:219–232
M€ uller WEG, Wang XH, Belikov SI, Tremel W, Schloßmacher U, Natoli A, Brandt D, Boreiko A,
Tahir MN, M€ uller IM, Schr€ oder HC (2007c) Formation of siliceous spicules in demosponges:
example Suberites domuncula. In: B€ auerlein E (ed) Handbook of biomineralization, vol 1, The
biology of biominerals structure formation. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 59–82
M€ uller WEG, Jochum K, Stoll B, Wang XH (2008a) Formation of giant spicule from quartz glass
by the deep sea sponge Monorhaphis. Chem Mater 20:4703–4711
278
W.E.G. M€ uller et al.