Duncan PM (1881) On some remarkable enlargements of the axial canals of sponge spicules and
their causes. J R Microsc Soc Ser 2 1:557–572
Eckert C, Schr€ oder HC, Brandt D, Perovic ´-Ottstadt S, M€ uller WEG (2006) A histochemical and
electron microscopic analysis of the spiculogenesis in the demosponge Suberites domuncula.
J Histochem Cytochem 54:1031–1040
Einsele G (2000) Sedimentary basins: evolution, facies and sediment budget. Springer, Berlin
Finks RM (2003a) Evolution and ecological history of sponges during Paleozoic times. In: Kaesler
RL (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part E, Porifera, revised, vol 2, Introduction to
the Porifera. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp 261–274
Finks RM (2003b) Paleozoic Hexactinellida: morphology and phylogeny. In: Kaesler RL (ed)
Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part E, Porifera, revised, vol 2, Introduction to the
Porifera. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp 135–154
Francesco B, Wilkie IC, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Carnevali CMD (2001) Dynamic structure of
the mesohyl in the sponge Chondrosia reniformis (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoomorphology
121:109–121
Gaino E, Pronzato R (1983) E ´ tude en microscopie e ´lectronique du filament des formes e ´tire ´es chez
Chondrilla nucula Schmidt (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ann Sci Nat Zool Paris 5:221–234
Garrone R (1978) Phylogenesis of connective tissue. Morphological aspects and biosynthesis of
sponge intercellular matrix. S. Karger, Basel
Garrone R (1998) Evolution of metazoan collagens. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 21:119–139
Gaucher C, Frimmel HE, Ferreira VP, Poire DG (2004) Vendian-Cambrian of western Gondwana:
introduction. Gondwana Res 7:659–660
Gehling JG, Rigby JK (1996) Long expected sponges from the neoproterozoic ediacara fauna of
South Australia. J Paleontol 2:185–195
Gordon MS, Belman BW, Chow PH (1976) Comparative studies on the metabolism of shallowwater and deep-sea marine fishes. IV. Patterns of aerobic metabolism in the mesopelagic deepsea fangtooth fish Anoplogaster cornuta. Mar Biol 35:287–293
Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Smith AG (2005) A geologic time scale. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 589 pp
Gross J, Sokal Z, Rougvie M (1956) Structural and chemical studies on the connective tissue of
marine sponges. J Histochem Cytochem 4:227–246
Haeckel E (1872a) Atlas der Kalkschw€ amme. Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin
Haeckel E (1872b) Biologie der Kalkschw€ amme, vol I. Georg Reimer, Berlin
Harrison FW, De Vos L (1991) Porifera. In: Harrison FW, Ruppert EE (eds) Microscopic anatomy
of invertebrates, vol 2. Wiley Liss, New York, pp 29–89
Hartman WD, Reiswig H (1973) The individuality of sponges. In: Boardman RS, Cheetham AH,
Oliver WA (eds) Animal colonies. Dow, Hutch, Ross, Stroudsburg, pp 567–584
Hoffman PF, Schrag DP (2002) The snowball earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change.
Terra Nova 14:129–155
Hou X, Bergstr€ om J, Wang H, Feng X, Chen A (1999) The Chengjiang fauna. Exceptionally wellpreserved animals from 530 million years ago. Yunnan Science and Technology Press,
Yunnan, 170 pp
Hou XG, Aldridge RJ, Bergstr€ om J, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Feng XH (2004) The Cambrian fossils
of Chengjiang, China: the flowering of early animal life. Blackwell, Oxford
Hyman LH (1940) Metazoa of the cellular grade of construction phylum Porifera, the sponges;
chapter 6. In: Hyman H (ed) Invertebrates: protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw-Hill, New
York, pp 284–364
Iler RK (1979) The chemistry of silica: solubility, polymerization, colloid and surface properties
and biochemistry of silica. Wiley, New York
Imsiecke G, Steffen R, Custodio M, Borojevic R, M€ uller WEG (1995) Formation of spicules by
sclerocytes from the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri in short-term cultures in vitro. In
Vitro Cell Dev Biol 31:528–535
Kasting JF (1984) The evolution of prebiotic atmosphere. Orig Life 14:75–82
9 The Unique Invention of the Siliceous Sponges
277
their causes. J R Microsc Soc Ser 2 1:557–572
Eckert C, Schr€ oder HC, Brandt D, Perovic ´-Ottstadt S, M€ uller WEG (2006) A histochemical and
electron microscopic analysis of the spiculogenesis in the demosponge Suberites domuncula.
J Histochem Cytochem 54:1031–1040
Einsele G (2000) Sedimentary basins: evolution, facies and sediment budget. Springer, Berlin
Finks RM (2003a) Evolution and ecological history of sponges during Paleozoic times. In: Kaesler
RL (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part E, Porifera, revised, vol 2, Introduction to
the Porifera. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp 261–274
Finks RM (2003b) Paleozoic Hexactinellida: morphology and phylogeny. In: Kaesler RL (ed)
Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part E, Porifera, revised, vol 2, Introduction to the
Porifera. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp 135–154
Francesco B, Wilkie IC, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Carnevali CMD (2001) Dynamic structure of
the mesohyl in the sponge Chondrosia reniformis (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoomorphology
121:109–121
Gaino E, Pronzato R (1983) E ´ tude en microscopie e ´lectronique du filament des formes e ´tire ´es chez
Chondrilla nucula Schmidt (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ann Sci Nat Zool Paris 5:221–234
Garrone R (1978) Phylogenesis of connective tissue. Morphological aspects and biosynthesis of
sponge intercellular matrix. S. Karger, Basel
Garrone R (1998) Evolution of metazoan collagens. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 21:119–139
Gaucher C, Frimmel HE, Ferreira VP, Poire DG (2004) Vendian-Cambrian of western Gondwana:
introduction. Gondwana Res 7:659–660
Gehling JG, Rigby JK (1996) Long expected sponges from the neoproterozoic ediacara fauna of
South Australia. J Paleontol 2:185–195
Gordon MS, Belman BW, Chow PH (1976) Comparative studies on the metabolism of shallowwater and deep-sea marine fishes. IV. Patterns of aerobic metabolism in the mesopelagic deepsea fangtooth fish Anoplogaster cornuta. Mar Biol 35:287–293
Gradstein FM, Ogg JG, Smith AG (2005) A geologic time scale. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 589 pp
Gross J, Sokal Z, Rougvie M (1956) Structural and chemical studies on the connective tissue of
marine sponges. J Histochem Cytochem 4:227–246
Haeckel E (1872a) Atlas der Kalkschw€ amme. Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin
Haeckel E (1872b) Biologie der Kalkschw€ amme, vol I. Georg Reimer, Berlin
Harrison FW, De Vos L (1991) Porifera. In: Harrison FW, Ruppert EE (eds) Microscopic anatomy
of invertebrates, vol 2. Wiley Liss, New York, pp 29–89
Hartman WD, Reiswig H (1973) The individuality of sponges. In: Boardman RS, Cheetham AH,
Oliver WA (eds) Animal colonies. Dow, Hutch, Ross, Stroudsburg, pp 567–584
Hoffman PF, Schrag DP (2002) The snowball earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change.
Terra Nova 14:129–155
Hou X, Bergstr€ om J, Wang H, Feng X, Chen A (1999) The Chengjiang fauna. Exceptionally wellpreserved animals from 530 million years ago. Yunnan Science and Technology Press,
Yunnan, 170 pp
Hou XG, Aldridge RJ, Bergstr€ om J, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Feng XH (2004) The Cambrian fossils
of Chengjiang, China: the flowering of early animal life. Blackwell, Oxford
Hyman LH (1940) Metazoa of the cellular grade of construction phylum Porifera, the sponges;
chapter 6. In: Hyman H (ed) Invertebrates: protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw-Hill, New
York, pp 284–364
Iler RK (1979) The chemistry of silica: solubility, polymerization, colloid and surface properties
and biochemistry of silica. Wiley, New York
Imsiecke G, Steffen R, Custodio M, Borojevic R, M€ uller WEG (1995) Formation of spicules by
sclerocytes from the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri in short-term cultures in vitro. In
Vitro Cell Dev Biol 31:528–535
Kasting JF (1984) The evolution of prebiotic atmosphere. Orig Life 14:75–82
9 The Unique Invention of the Siliceous Sponges
277