VIn
Contents
4
Benthic Microflora, Periphyton and Plant Associations
127
4.1 Bacteria and Microalgae in Reef Bottom Sediments ... 127
4.2 Periphytonic Overgrowth ........................... 137
4.3 Bottom Plant Associations ......................... 143
4.3.1 Composition of Reef Plant Associations ............. 145
4.3.2 Zonal Distribution, Phytocenes Composition ......... 150
4.3.3 Biomass, Metabolism, Features of Ecology ........... 155
S
Reef Zoobenthos .................................. 161
5.1 Molluscs.. . . ... . . ... . ... .... . . .... . . ... . ... . . .... 161
5.1.1 Gastropods....................................... 162
5.1.2 Bivalves.......................................... 166
5.1.3 Tridacnids and Their Symbiosis with Algae. . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.1.4 Boring Clams .................................... 169
5.1.5 Community Structure, Roles in Reef Ecosystems ...... 171
5.2 Sponges ......................................... 173
5.2.1 Features of Morphology and Physiology; Symbiosis ... 173
5.2.2 Community Structure and Features of Ecology ....... 178
5.2.3 Boring Sponges ................................... 180
5.3 Wormlike Animals ................................ 181
5.4 Benthic Crustaceans ............................... 188
5.4.1 Community Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188
5.4.2 Symbiosis in Reef Crustaceans ...................... 192
5.5 Reef Echinoderms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
5.5.1 Sea Urchins ...................................... 195
5.5.2 Sea Stars ........................................ 197
5.5.3 Brittle Stars ...................................... 197
5.5.4 Crinoids ......................................... 199
5.5.5 Holothurians ..................................... 200
5.6 Tunicates... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
5.7 Bryozoans ....................................... 203
5.8 Foraminifera and Other Benthic Protozoa ............ 204
5.9 Insects... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '208
5.10 Distribution, Communities Structure and Abundance .. 208
6
Coral Reef Fish ................................... 215
6.1 Introduction, Diversity, Taxonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215
Contents
4
Benthic Microflora, Periphyton and Plant Associations
127
4.1 Bacteria and Microalgae in Reef Bottom Sediments ... 127
4.2 Periphytonic Overgrowth ........................... 137
4.3 Bottom Plant Associations ......................... 143
4.3.1 Composition of Reef Plant Associations ............. 145
4.3.2 Zonal Distribution, Phytocenes Composition ......... 150
4.3.3 Biomass, Metabolism, Features of Ecology ........... 155
S
Reef Zoobenthos .................................. 161
5.1 Molluscs.. . . ... . . ... . ... .... . . .... . . ... . ... . . .... 161
5.1.1 Gastropods....................................... 162
5.1.2 Bivalves.......................................... 166
5.1.3 Tridacnids and Their Symbiosis with Algae. . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.1.4 Boring Clams .................................... 169
5.1.5 Community Structure, Roles in Reef Ecosystems ...... 171
5.2 Sponges ......................................... 173
5.2.1 Features of Morphology and Physiology; Symbiosis ... 173
5.2.2 Community Structure and Features of Ecology ....... 178
5.2.3 Boring Sponges ................................... 180
5.3 Wormlike Animals ................................ 181
5.4 Benthic Crustaceans ............................... 188
5.4.1 Community Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188
5.4.2 Symbiosis in Reef Crustaceans ...................... 192
5.5 Reef Echinoderms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
5.5.1 Sea Urchins ...................................... 195
5.5.2 Sea Stars ........................................ 197
5.5.3 Brittle Stars ...................................... 197
5.5.4 Crinoids ......................................... 199
5.5.5 Holothurians ..................................... 200
5.6 Tunicates... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
5.7 Bryozoans ....................................... 203
5.8 Foraminifera and Other Benthic Protozoa ............ 204
5.9 Insects... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '208
5.10 Distribution, Communities Structure and Abundance .. 208
6
Coral Reef Fish ................................... 215
6.1 Introduction, Diversity, Taxonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 215