simple hierarchical relationship can be deduced among
the processes in influencing barrier island development.
Among different processes that may affect the morphological development of a barrier island, some are found to be
of critical importance and act as universal boundary constraints. The history of tectonics and eustatic sea-level
change seems largely to determine whether a barrier island
can be formed. With favorable tectonics and sea-level
change for barrier island formation, a combination of
shoreface slope, wave-tide regime, and sediment source
determines how a barrier island is formed. Wind-wave
climate, as well as the rate and composition of sediment
supply, subsequently affects the migration and development of the island. In most areas, vegetation properties
(e.g., species, coverage) are important in shaping the
island morphology. In areas with a thick and compressible
substrate, local consolidation through self-loading of
underlying substrate also plays a role in barrier island
evolution.
Numerical modeling provides a way to quantify the
effects of different processes on barrier island morphogenesis and evolution. However, one should always be aware
of the limitations when constructing a model for a specific
research object, and simulation results should be carefully
interpreted. Much progress is still needed to develop
robust models for better understanding of the origin and
development of barrier islands.
Bibliography
Berryhill, H. L., Dickinson, A. D., and Holmes, C. W., 1969.
Criteria for recognizing ancient barrier coastlines. Bulletin of
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 53, 706–707.
Bruun, P., 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. American
Society of Civil Engineers. Journal of Waterways, Harbors and
Coastal Engineering Division, 88, 117–130.
Cowell, P. J., Roy, P. S., and Jones, R. A., 1995. Simulation of largescale coastal change using a morphological behaviour model.
Marine Geology, 126, 45–61.
Cromwell, J. E., 1971. Barrier coast distribution: a world survey. In:
Abstract Volume of the Second National Coastal and Shallow
Water Research Conference, Baton Rouge, LA, p. 50.
Davis, R. A., Jr., and Hayes, M. O., 1984. What is a wavedominated coast? Marine Geology, 60, 313–329.
De Beaumont, L. E., 1845. Septieme lecho’n. In Bertrand, P. (ed.),
Lecons de geologie pratique. Paris: Bertrand, pp. 223–252.
Dean, R. G., 1991. Equilibrium beach profiles – characteristics and
applications. Journal of Coastal Research, 7(1), 53–84.
Dean, R. G., 1997. Models for barrier island restoration. Journal of
Coastal Research, 13(3), 694–703.
Fisher, J. J., 1968. Barrier island formation: discussion. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 79, 1421–1426.
Gilbert, G. K., 1885. The topographic features of lake shores.
U.S. Geological Survey 5th Annual Report, pp. 87–88.
Hayes, M. O., 1979. Barrier island morphology as a function of
wave and tide regime. In Leatherman, S. P. (ed.), Barrier Islands
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. New York:
Academic Press, pp. 1–29.
Hoyt, J. H., 1967. Barrier island formation. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 78(9), 1125–1136.
Leatherman, S. P. (ed.), 1979. Barrier Islands from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. New York: Academic Press.
Leatherman, S. P., 1985. Barrier Island Migration: An Annotated
Bibliography. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies. Public
Administration Series: Bibliography.
Masetti, R., Fagherazzi, S., and Montanari, A., 2008. Application of
a barrier island translation model to the millennial-scale evolution
of Sand Key, Florida. Continental Shelf Research, 28, 1116–1126.
McGee, W. J., 1890. Encroachments of the sea. In Metcalf, L. S.
(ed.), The Forum. Vol. 9, pp. 437–449.
Moore, L. J., List, J. H., Williams, S. J., and Stolper, D., 2010. Complexities in barrier island response to sea level rise: insights from
numerical model experiments, North Carolina Outer Banks.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F03004, doi:10.1029/
2009JF001299.
Oertel, G. F., 1985. The barrier island system. Marine Geology, 63, 1–18.
Otvos, E. G., 1981. Barrier island formation through nearshore
aggradation-stratigraphic and field evidence. Marine Geology,
43, 195–243.
Pilkey, O. H., Cooper, J. A. G., and Lewis, D., 2009. Global distribution and geomorphology of fetch-limited barrier islands. Journal of Coastal Research, 25(4), 819–837.
Rosati, J. D., and Stone, G. W., 2009. Geomorphologic evolution of
barrier islands along the northern US Gulf of Mexico and implications for engineering design in barrier restoration. Journal of
Coastal Research, 25, 8–22.
Rosati, J.D., Dean, R.G., Stone, G.W., 2010. A cross-shore model of
barrier island migration over a compressible substrate. Marine
Geology, 271, 1–16.
Roy, P. S., Cowell, P. J., Ferland, M. A., and Thom, B. G., 1994. Wavedominated coasts. In Carter, R. W. G., and Woodroffe, C. D. (eds.),
Coastal Evolution: Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–186.
Schwartz, M. L., 1971. The multiple causality of barrier islands.
Journal of Geology, 78, 94–106.
Schwartz, M. L. (ed.), 1973. Barrier Islands. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross. Benchmark Papers in Geology (Series).
Stolper, D., List, J. H., and Thieler, E. R., 2005. Simulating the evolution of coastal morphology and stratigraphy with a new
morphological-behaviour model (GEOMBEST). Marine Geology, 218, 17–36.
Storms, J. E. A., Weltje, G. J., Van Dijke, J. J., Geel, C. R., and
Kroonenberg, S. B., 2002. Process-response modeling of
wave-dominated coastal systems: simulating evolution and stratigraphy on geological timescales. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 72(2), 226–239.
Stutz, M. L., and Pilkey, O. H., 2011. Open-ocean barrier islands:
global influence of climatic, oceanographic, and depositional
settings. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(2), 207–222.
Zhang, W. Y., Schneider, R., Harff, J., Kolb, J., and Teichmann, T.,
(submitted). Morphogenetic modeling of coastal foredunes
using cellular automata. Journal of Geophysical Research –
Earth Surface.
Zhang, W. Y., Schneider, R., and Harff, J., 2012. A multi-scale
hybrid long-term morphodynamic model for wave-dominated
coasts. Geomorphology, 149–150, 49–61.
Zhang, W.Y., Deng, J.J., Harff, J., Schneider, R., DudzinskaNowak, J., 2013. A coupled modeling scheme for longshore sediment transport of wave-dominated coasts - a case study from the
southern Baltic Sea. Coastal Engineering, 72, 39–55.
Zhang, W.Y., Harff, J., Schneider, R., Meyer, M., Zorita, E., Hünicke,
B., 2014. Holocene morphogenesis at the southern Baltic Sea:
simulation of multiscale processes and their interactions for the
Darss-Zingst peninsula. Journal of Marine Systems, 129, 4–18.
Cross-references
Barrier Spits
Spit
52
BARRIER ISLAND
the processes in influencing barrier island development.
Among different processes that may affect the morphological development of a barrier island, some are found to be
of critical importance and act as universal boundary constraints. The history of tectonics and eustatic sea-level
change seems largely to determine whether a barrier island
can be formed. With favorable tectonics and sea-level
change for barrier island formation, a combination of
shoreface slope, wave-tide regime, and sediment source
determines how a barrier island is formed. Wind-wave
climate, as well as the rate and composition of sediment
supply, subsequently affects the migration and development of the island. In most areas, vegetation properties
(e.g., species, coverage) are important in shaping the
island morphology. In areas with a thick and compressible
substrate, local consolidation through self-loading of
underlying substrate also plays a role in barrier island
evolution.
Numerical modeling provides a way to quantify the
effects of different processes on barrier island morphogenesis and evolution. However, one should always be aware
of the limitations when constructing a model for a specific
research object, and simulation results should be carefully
interpreted. Much progress is still needed to develop
robust models for better understanding of the origin and
development of barrier islands.
Bibliography
Berryhill, H. L., Dickinson, A. D., and Holmes, C. W., 1969.
Criteria for recognizing ancient barrier coastlines. Bulletin of
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 53, 706–707.
Bruun, P., 1962. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. American
Society of Civil Engineers. Journal of Waterways, Harbors and
Coastal Engineering Division, 88, 117–130.
Cowell, P. J., Roy, P. S., and Jones, R. A., 1995. Simulation of largescale coastal change using a morphological behaviour model.
Marine Geology, 126, 45–61.
Cromwell, J. E., 1971. Barrier coast distribution: a world survey. In:
Abstract Volume of the Second National Coastal and Shallow
Water Research Conference, Baton Rouge, LA, p. 50.
Davis, R. A., Jr., and Hayes, M. O., 1984. What is a wavedominated coast? Marine Geology, 60, 313–329.
De Beaumont, L. E., 1845. Septieme lecho’n. In Bertrand, P. (ed.),
Lecons de geologie pratique. Paris: Bertrand, pp. 223–252.
Dean, R. G., 1991. Equilibrium beach profiles – characteristics and
applications. Journal of Coastal Research, 7(1), 53–84.
Dean, R. G., 1997. Models for barrier island restoration. Journal of
Coastal Research, 13(3), 694–703.
Fisher, J. J., 1968. Barrier island formation: discussion. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 79, 1421–1426.
Gilbert, G. K., 1885. The topographic features of lake shores.
U.S. Geological Survey 5th Annual Report, pp. 87–88.
Hayes, M. O., 1979. Barrier island morphology as a function of
wave and tide regime. In Leatherman, S. P. (ed.), Barrier Islands
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. New York:
Academic Press, pp. 1–29.
Hoyt, J. H., 1967. Barrier island formation. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 78(9), 1125–1136.
Leatherman, S. P. (ed.), 1979. Barrier Islands from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. New York: Academic Press.
Leatherman, S. P., 1985. Barrier Island Migration: An Annotated
Bibliography. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies. Public
Administration Series: Bibliography.
Masetti, R., Fagherazzi, S., and Montanari, A., 2008. Application of
a barrier island translation model to the millennial-scale evolution
of Sand Key, Florida. Continental Shelf Research, 28, 1116–1126.
McGee, W. J., 1890. Encroachments of the sea. In Metcalf, L. S.
(ed.), The Forum. Vol. 9, pp. 437–449.
Moore, L. J., List, J. H., Williams, S. J., and Stolper, D., 2010. Complexities in barrier island response to sea level rise: insights from
numerical model experiments, North Carolina Outer Banks.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F03004, doi:10.1029/
2009JF001299.
Oertel, G. F., 1985. The barrier island system. Marine Geology, 63, 1–18.
Otvos, E. G., 1981. Barrier island formation through nearshore
aggradation-stratigraphic and field evidence. Marine Geology,
43, 195–243.
Pilkey, O. H., Cooper, J. A. G., and Lewis, D., 2009. Global distribution and geomorphology of fetch-limited barrier islands. Journal of Coastal Research, 25(4), 819–837.
Rosati, J. D., and Stone, G. W., 2009. Geomorphologic evolution of
barrier islands along the northern US Gulf of Mexico and implications for engineering design in barrier restoration. Journal of
Coastal Research, 25, 8–22.
Rosati, J.D., Dean, R.G., Stone, G.W., 2010. A cross-shore model of
barrier island migration over a compressible substrate. Marine
Geology, 271, 1–16.
Roy, P. S., Cowell, P. J., Ferland, M. A., and Thom, B. G., 1994. Wavedominated coasts. In Carter, R. W. G., and Woodroffe, C. D. (eds.),
Coastal Evolution: Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–186.
Schwartz, M. L., 1971. The multiple causality of barrier islands.
Journal of Geology, 78, 94–106.
Schwartz, M. L. (ed.), 1973. Barrier Islands. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross. Benchmark Papers in Geology (Series).
Stolper, D., List, J. H., and Thieler, E. R., 2005. Simulating the evolution of coastal morphology and stratigraphy with a new
morphological-behaviour model (GEOMBEST). Marine Geology, 218, 17–36.
Storms, J. E. A., Weltje, G. J., Van Dijke, J. J., Geel, C. R., and
Kroonenberg, S. B., 2002. Process-response modeling of
wave-dominated coastal systems: simulating evolution and stratigraphy on geological timescales. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 72(2), 226–239.
Stutz, M. L., and Pilkey, O. H., 2011. Open-ocean barrier islands:
global influence of climatic, oceanographic, and depositional
settings. Journal of Coastal Research, 27(2), 207–222.
Zhang, W. Y., Schneider, R., Harff, J., Kolb, J., and Teichmann, T.,
(submitted). Morphogenetic modeling of coastal foredunes
using cellular automata. Journal of Geophysical Research –
Earth Surface.
Zhang, W. Y., Schneider, R., and Harff, J., 2012. A multi-scale
hybrid long-term morphodynamic model for wave-dominated
coasts. Geomorphology, 149–150, 49–61.
Zhang, W.Y., Deng, J.J., Harff, J., Schneider, R., DudzinskaNowak, J., 2013. A coupled modeling scheme for longshore sediment transport of wave-dominated coasts - a case study from the
southern Baltic Sea. Coastal Engineering, 72, 39–55.
Zhang, W.Y., Harff, J., Schneider, R., Meyer, M., Zorita, E., Hünicke,
B., 2014. Holocene morphogenesis at the southern Baltic Sea:
simulation of multiscale processes and their interactions for the
Darss-Zingst peninsula. Journal of Marine Systems, 129, 4–18.
Cross-references
Barrier Spits
Spit
52
BARRIER ISLAND