degree of problem, 363
effects, 363–364
Eriocheir sinensis, 368–369
Eucheuma, 366–367
Hemigrapsus sanguineus, 369
Littorina littorea, 367
Mnemiopsis leidyi, 369
Phragmites australis, 364
Potamocorbula amurensis, 367
salinity, 363
Spartina alterniflora, 364–366
vectors, 362–363
Iva frutescens, 161, 448, 683
J
Jabiru mycteria, 740
Jasus lalandii, 22
Juncus, 162, 740
K
Karlodinium, 714
Karren, 373, 375
Karst processes, 373–379
beads on a string, 375
coastal environment, 373
estuaries and coastal, 375–377
flank margin caves, 373–375
ramiform, 375
soluble rocks, 373, 377–379
Kelp forests, 381
Kleptochloroplasty, 9
Kleptoplastidy, 447
Krill fishery, 233
L
Ladder-back ripples, 570
Lagoons, 45, 258, 261, 263, 266, 269–270, 288, 315, 349, 376, 515, 597,
628, 632, 636, 640, 668–669, 673, 714, 725
Laguncularia, 740
Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978, 232
Land breeze-sea breeze, 702
Lawley River estuary, 267, 268
Leibnitz differentiation rule, 253
Leschenault Inlet estuary, 182, 261, 267, 269–270, 411, 412
Lidar systems, 4–5, 383–384
Light detection and ranging, 383–384
Lighthouse Beach, New South Wales, 146
Linguoid ripples, 568, 569
Litopenaeus vannamei, 488
Littoral caves. See Sea caves
Littoral cordon, 384–385
Littoral zone, 385, 590, 597
Littorina
L. littorea, 367, 498
L. saxatilis, 499
Lobster migration, 385–386
Longshore drift, 53, 117, 119–120, 150–151, 156, 622
M
Macoma inconspicua, 210
Macroalgae, 7, 9, 18, 83–84, 110, 302, 305–307, 356–357, 366, 387, 388,
401–402, 510, 523, 543, 714–716, 742
Macroalgal blooms, 306, 308, 388
Macrobrachium, 399
Macrofauna, 67, 70, 73, 199, 388–389, 438, 606, 614, 621, 669
Macronutrients, 389, 403, 462, 464
Managed realignment, 390–392
coastal protection, 390–391
complex social decisions, 392
geographic distribution, 391
saltmarsh re-creation, 391
tidal waters and, 391–392
vegetation colonization at, 391
vs. managed retreat, 392
Managed retreat, managed realignment vs., 392
Management activity, 53–54
Man-driven changes, in environmental gradients, 240–241
Mangrove forest. See Tidal saltwater forested wetland
Mangroves, 13, 30, 55, 59, 61–62, 67, 93, 109, 114, 117, 125, 160-162, 183,
209, 247, 258–259, 267–268, 270–272, 286, 288, 311, 315, 325, 334,
336–337, 356
adaptations, 395–397
in coastal settings, 393
cryptoviviparous seeds, 396
fauna and trophic structure, 398–399
fish life cycles, 399
in global coastal ocean, 401–403
global distribution, biogeography, and losses, 394–395
and harsh environment, 393
high water-use efficiency, 395
morphological adaptations, 395
nutrient cycling and sources, 400–401
production and photosynthetic performance, 399–400
reproductive activity, 396
soil anoxia and, 396
soil N cycle in, 400
structure and dynamics, 397–398
terrestrial plants, 393
Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, 119
Marine debris, 33, 363
Marine/freshwater mixing, 404–416
case studies, 411–415
estuaries, salinity structure, 410
estuarine environment, 404–405
horizontal mixing, 409
large-scale mechanisms, 407
narrow valley-tract type, 406
processes, 405–410
reverse estuary, 411
riverine freshwater flowing, 409
sediment-laden river flow, 409
small-scale mechanisms, 408, 409
subaqueous freshwater discharge, 408
subterranean discharge, 407
surface seepage, 407
time-varying stratification, 409
topographic/bathymetric, hydraulic, and evaporative complications, 411
wide semi-enclosed type, 406
wind cooling, 408
wind-induced surge, 407
Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools (MGET), 282
Mar Menor, Iberian Peninsula, 146
Marsh drowning, 417
Marsh islands, 417–418
Marsh sediment toxicity, 418
Marsh sills, 132–133, 136–138
Mass physical sediment properties, 419–431
Atterberg limits, 425
bulk density, 420–423
bulk sediment fluxes, 428
carbonate content, 425–426
concentration, 419
condensation, 420, 421
content, 419
dilution, 420, 421
dry mass concentration, 420
ecotoxicological effects, 428
mud concentration model, 427
mud content model, 429
permeability, 425
particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration model, 428–431
porosity, 423–424
sampling and monitoring strategies, 426
shear strength, 423
void ratio, 423
Wadden Sea curve, 426, 427
water content, 420
wet and dry bulk density, 422–423
SUBJECT INDEX
755
effects, 363–364
Eriocheir sinensis, 368–369
Eucheuma, 366–367
Hemigrapsus sanguineus, 369
Littorina littorea, 367
Mnemiopsis leidyi, 369
Phragmites australis, 364
Potamocorbula amurensis, 367
salinity, 363
Spartina alterniflora, 364–366
vectors, 362–363
Iva frutescens, 161, 448, 683
J
Jabiru mycteria, 740
Jasus lalandii, 22
Juncus, 162, 740
K
Karlodinium, 714
Karren, 373, 375
Karst processes, 373–379
beads on a string, 375
coastal environment, 373
estuaries and coastal, 375–377
flank margin caves, 373–375
ramiform, 375
soluble rocks, 373, 377–379
Kelp forests, 381
Kleptochloroplasty, 9
Kleptoplastidy, 447
Krill fishery, 233
L
Ladder-back ripples, 570
Lagoons, 45, 258, 261, 263, 266, 269–270, 288, 315, 349, 376, 515, 597,
628, 632, 636, 640, 668–669, 673, 714, 725
Laguncularia, 740
Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978, 232
Land breeze-sea breeze, 702
Lawley River estuary, 267, 268
Leibnitz differentiation rule, 253
Leschenault Inlet estuary, 182, 261, 267, 269–270, 411, 412
Lidar systems, 4–5, 383–384
Light detection and ranging, 383–384
Lighthouse Beach, New South Wales, 146
Linguoid ripples, 568, 569
Litopenaeus vannamei, 488
Littoral caves. See Sea caves
Littoral cordon, 384–385
Littoral zone, 385, 590, 597
Littorina
L. littorea, 367, 498
L. saxatilis, 499
Lobster migration, 385–386
Longshore drift, 53, 117, 119–120, 150–151, 156, 622
M
Macoma inconspicua, 210
Macroalgae, 7, 9, 18, 83–84, 110, 302, 305–307, 356–357, 366, 387, 388,
401–402, 510, 523, 543, 714–716, 742
Macroalgal blooms, 306, 308, 388
Macrobrachium, 399
Macrofauna, 67, 70, 73, 199, 388–389, 438, 606, 614, 621, 669
Macronutrients, 389, 403, 462, 464
Managed realignment, 390–392
coastal protection, 390–391
complex social decisions, 392
geographic distribution, 391
saltmarsh re-creation, 391
tidal waters and, 391–392
vegetation colonization at, 391
vs. managed retreat, 392
Managed retreat, managed realignment vs., 392
Management activity, 53–54
Man-driven changes, in environmental gradients, 240–241
Mangrove forest. See Tidal saltwater forested wetland
Mangroves, 13, 30, 55, 59, 61–62, 67, 93, 109, 114, 117, 125, 160-162, 183,
209, 247, 258–259, 267–268, 270–272, 286, 288, 311, 315, 325, 334,
336–337, 356
adaptations, 395–397
in coastal settings, 393
cryptoviviparous seeds, 396
fauna and trophic structure, 398–399
fish life cycles, 399
in global coastal ocean, 401–403
global distribution, biogeography, and losses, 394–395
and harsh environment, 393
high water-use efficiency, 395
morphological adaptations, 395
nutrient cycling and sources, 400–401
production and photosynthetic performance, 399–400
reproductive activity, 396
soil anoxia and, 396
soil N cycle in, 400
structure and dynamics, 397–398
terrestrial plants, 393
Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, 119
Marine debris, 33, 363
Marine/freshwater mixing, 404–416
case studies, 411–415
estuaries, salinity structure, 410
estuarine environment, 404–405
horizontal mixing, 409
large-scale mechanisms, 407
narrow valley-tract type, 406
processes, 405–410
reverse estuary, 411
riverine freshwater flowing, 409
sediment-laden river flow, 409
small-scale mechanisms, 408, 409
subaqueous freshwater discharge, 408
subterranean discharge, 407
surface seepage, 407
time-varying stratification, 409
topographic/bathymetric, hydraulic, and evaporative complications, 411
wide semi-enclosed type, 406
wind cooling, 408
wind-induced surge, 407
Marine Geospatial Ecology Tools (MGET), 282
Mar Menor, Iberian Peninsula, 146
Marsh drowning, 417
Marsh islands, 417–418
Marsh sediment toxicity, 418
Marsh sills, 132–133, 136–138
Mass physical sediment properties, 419–431
Atterberg limits, 425
bulk density, 420–423
bulk sediment fluxes, 428
carbonate content, 425–426
concentration, 419
condensation, 420, 421
content, 419
dilution, 420, 421
dry mass concentration, 420
ecotoxicological effects, 428
mud concentration model, 427
mud content model, 429
permeability, 425
particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration model, 428–431
porosity, 423–424
sampling and monitoring strategies, 426
shear strength, 423
void ratio, 423
Wadden Sea curve, 426, 427
water content, 420
wet and dry bulk density, 422–423
SUBJECT INDEX
755