schematic longitudinal section of, 249
secondary circulation, 255–256
theoretical velocity profiles, 256
u-velocity component, 253
variability, 247–248
Estuarine coastlines, 373–379
Estuarine connectivity, 258–259
classes of, 259
threatening processes, 259
Estuarine deltaic wetlands, 260–272
in Australia, 268–270
biota inhabiting, 266–267, 271, 272
delta as wetland complex, 263–266
diagrammatic transverse cross section, 266
formation, 260
hydrology and hydrochemistry, 270
landforms, 261
low-tidal flats, 267
range of wetlands, 265
small-scale wetlands, 272
terrestrial wetlands, 261–262
types of, 260–261
wave-dominated delta, 264
Estuarine ecosystem metabolism, 300–301
components, energy flow diagram, 301
and dissolved oxygen, 302
measurements, 301–302
nutrient budgets, 302
oxygen concentrations, 301
Estuarine ecosystems, 170
eutrophication of, 305
Estuarine environment, 177, 208, 243, 599
Estuarine flocculation, 272–273
Estuarine geomorphology, 273
Estuarine habitat restoration, 273–283
adaptive management and project evaluation, 281
advent of, 274–275
alteration, 274
conceptual models, 281–282
costs, 282–283
data management and dissemination, 281
development matrix, 276
ditch plugging and filling, 280
elements of, 275
elevation manipulation, 280
in Europe, 283
geographic information system models, 282
goals, 275–276
hydrologic restoration, 279–280
implementation, 281
information sources, 283
invasive species control, 280
landscape considerations, 278–280
level of disturbance, 277
long-term habitat viability, 283
minimum area, 279
monitoring, 281
in North America, 283
operational numerical models, 282
planning, 280
plant propagation and reintroduction, 280
population models, 282
predictive capability, 278
prioritization, 282
reference systems, 277–278
site stewardship and maintenance, 281
strategies, 276–279
tidal channel development, 280
tide gate removal/modification, 280
Estuarine-marine ecosystem-based management, 233–234
Estuarine sedimentation, 289–298
ansgressive stratigraphic pattern, 293–294
bayhead deltas, 293
in Bay of Biscay, 296
controlling factors, 296–297
facies model, 289–291
fjords, 295–296
Gironde estuary, 292
historical development, 289
human influences, 297
importance, 289
rias and rocky coast estuaries, 295
simple vs. compound estuarine infills, 292
stratigraphic organization, 290–292
tide-dominated estuaries, 294–295
wave-dominated estuaries, 292–294
Estuarine sediment composition, 285–288
in coastal lagoons, 288
in coastal plain estuaries, 286
in delta front estuaries, 286–287
in fjords, 288
in rias, 287
Estuarine species, earthquake disturbances, 208–209
Estuarine sustainability, 299–300
Estuarine turbidity maximum zones (ETM), 124
Estuarine use functional group, 318
Estuarine water, 441–442
Estuarine wetlands, 742
Estuary conservation, 299, 303
Estuary conservation zone, 304
Ethmodiscus gazellae, 492
ETM. See Estuarine turbidity maximum zones (ETM)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 739
Eucheuma (Kappaphycus), 366–367
Europe, estuarine habitat restoration in, 283
Eutrophication, 23, 25, 30, 304–309, 388–389, 456, 458, 465, 484,
521, 523, 654, 729, 739
Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, 307–308
dissolved oxygen concentrations, 306
ecosystem impacts, 305–307
of estuarine ecosystems, 305
hypoxia and anoxia, 306
management of, 308
nitrogen concentrations, 305
sources of nutrient enrichment, 305
Evaporation, and transpiration, 311
Exocoecaria, 396
Exoskeletons, minerals as, 440–441
Exotic species, 311–312
Extratropical storms, 312
Extreme events (hurricanes), 312–313
F
Fauna
mudflat infauna, 209–210
and trophic structure, 398–399
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 122
Feeding mode functional group, 318
Fiddler crabs, 315
Firth, 316–317
Fish, and earthquake disturbances, 210
Fish-aggregating device (FADs), 38
Fish assemblages, 317–325
environmental influence on, 318–320
estuarine habitat roles, 320, 321
fisheries, 322, 323
functional analysis, 317–318
riverine, 324
study of estuarine, 317
transitional zones, 321, 322
tropical estuaries, 325
Fisheries management, traditional, 166
Fjords, 316, 326–327
depositional units, 296
sediment composition in, 288
sediment infills, 295–296
Flank margin caves, 373–375
Flat-topped ripples, 569
SUBJECT INDEX
753
secondary circulation, 255–256
theoretical velocity profiles, 256
u-velocity component, 253
variability, 247–248
Estuarine coastlines, 373–379
Estuarine connectivity, 258–259
classes of, 259
threatening processes, 259
Estuarine deltaic wetlands, 260–272
in Australia, 268–270
biota inhabiting, 266–267, 271, 272
delta as wetland complex, 263–266
diagrammatic transverse cross section, 266
formation, 260
hydrology and hydrochemistry, 270
landforms, 261
low-tidal flats, 267
range of wetlands, 265
small-scale wetlands, 272
terrestrial wetlands, 261–262
types of, 260–261
wave-dominated delta, 264
Estuarine ecosystem metabolism, 300–301
components, energy flow diagram, 301
and dissolved oxygen, 302
measurements, 301–302
nutrient budgets, 302
oxygen concentrations, 301
Estuarine ecosystems, 170
eutrophication of, 305
Estuarine environment, 177, 208, 243, 599
Estuarine flocculation, 272–273
Estuarine geomorphology, 273
Estuarine habitat restoration, 273–283
adaptive management and project evaluation, 281
advent of, 274–275
alteration, 274
conceptual models, 281–282
costs, 282–283
data management and dissemination, 281
development matrix, 276
ditch plugging and filling, 280
elements of, 275
elevation manipulation, 280
in Europe, 283
geographic information system models, 282
goals, 275–276
hydrologic restoration, 279–280
implementation, 281
information sources, 283
invasive species control, 280
landscape considerations, 278–280
level of disturbance, 277
long-term habitat viability, 283
minimum area, 279
monitoring, 281
in North America, 283
operational numerical models, 282
planning, 280
plant propagation and reintroduction, 280
population models, 282
predictive capability, 278
prioritization, 282
reference systems, 277–278
site stewardship and maintenance, 281
strategies, 276–279
tidal channel development, 280
tide gate removal/modification, 280
Estuarine-marine ecosystem-based management, 233–234
Estuarine sedimentation, 289–298
ansgressive stratigraphic pattern, 293–294
bayhead deltas, 293
in Bay of Biscay, 296
controlling factors, 296–297
facies model, 289–291
fjords, 295–296
Gironde estuary, 292
historical development, 289
human influences, 297
importance, 289
rias and rocky coast estuaries, 295
simple vs. compound estuarine infills, 292
stratigraphic organization, 290–292
tide-dominated estuaries, 294–295
wave-dominated estuaries, 292–294
Estuarine sediment composition, 285–288
in coastal lagoons, 288
in coastal plain estuaries, 286
in delta front estuaries, 286–287
in fjords, 288
in rias, 287
Estuarine species, earthquake disturbances, 208–209
Estuarine sustainability, 299–300
Estuarine turbidity maximum zones (ETM), 124
Estuarine use functional group, 318
Estuarine water, 441–442
Estuarine wetlands, 742
Estuary conservation, 299, 303
Estuary conservation zone, 304
Ethmodiscus gazellae, 492
ETM. See Estuarine turbidity maximum zones (ETM)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 739
Eucheuma (Kappaphycus), 366–367
Europe, estuarine habitat restoration in, 283
Eutrophication, 23, 25, 30, 304–309, 388–389, 456, 458, 465, 484,
521, 523, 654, 729, 739
Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, 307–308
dissolved oxygen concentrations, 306
ecosystem impacts, 305–307
of estuarine ecosystems, 305
hypoxia and anoxia, 306
management of, 308
nitrogen concentrations, 305
sources of nutrient enrichment, 305
Evaporation, and transpiration, 311
Exocoecaria, 396
Exoskeletons, minerals as, 440–441
Exotic species, 311–312
Extratropical storms, 312
Extreme events (hurricanes), 312–313
F
Fauna
mudflat infauna, 209–210
and trophic structure, 398–399
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 122
Feeding mode functional group, 318
Fiddler crabs, 315
Firth, 316–317
Fish, and earthquake disturbances, 210
Fish-aggregating device (FADs), 38
Fish assemblages, 317–325
environmental influence on, 318–320
estuarine habitat roles, 320, 321
fisheries, 322, 323
functional analysis, 317–318
riverine, 324
study of estuarine, 317
transitional zones, 321, 322
tropical estuaries, 325
Fisheries management, traditional, 166
Fjords, 316, 326–327
depositional units, 296
sediment composition in, 288
sediment infills, 295–296
Flank margin caves, 373–375
Flat-topped ripples, 569
SUBJECT INDEX
753