how the future might look with regard to artificial reefs in
fisheries can be seen in the example off South Korea
(Kim et al., 2011). In this study, artificial reefs were
deployed to enhance spawning success in a bottomdwelling fish species. The reef deployment, coupled with
fishing restrictions, is part of a long-term plan to increase
a depleted fish stock. Similar investigations may give
purposeful direction to future artificial reef designs and
deployments.
Summary
Objects of various materials, shapes, and dimensions have
been deployed in nearly every aquatic environment in all
parts of the world to serve as artificial reefs. Few artificial
reefs have been deployed in estuaries. Nevertheless, oyster shell material, deployed to improve oyster settlement
can be considered an artificial reef or at least an artificial
substrate that behaves similar to other objects deployed
as artificial reefs. Artificial reefs have received considerable attention among aquatic scientists and natural
resource managers to facilitate fisheries. However, there
remain several issues relative to the attraction versus production nature of artificial reefs that need to be resolved
before they become part of a regularly prescribed option
for estuarine resource management.
Bibliography
Bohnsack, J.A., and Sutherland, D.L. 1985. Artificial reef research:
a review with recommendations for future priorities. Bulletin of
Marine Science, 37, 11–39.
Bohnsack, J. A., 1989. Are high densities of fishes at artificial reefs
the result of habitat limitation or behavioral preference? Bulletin
of Marine Science, 44, 631–645.
Bortone, S. A., 2006. A perspective of artificial reef research: the
past, present, and future. Bulletin of Marine Science, 78, 1–8.
Bortone, S. A., 2008. Coupling fisheries with ecology through
marine artificial reef deployments. In Nielsen, J., Dodson, J. J.,
Friedland, K., Hamon, T. R., Musick, J., and Verspoor,
E. (eds.), Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: Proceedings
of the Fourth World Fisheries Congress. 1,946 pages/2 volumes,
Symposium 49. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries
Society, pp. 917–924.
Bortone, S. A., 2011. A pathway to resolving an old dilemma: lack
of artificial reefs in fisheries management. In Bortone, S. A.,
Brandini, F., Fabi, G., and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in
Fisheries Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,
pp. 311–321.
Bortone, S. A., Martin, T. R., and Bundrick, C. M., 1994. Factors
affecting fish assemblage development on a modular artificial
reef in a northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science,
55, 319–332.
Chapman, M. G., and Clynick, B. G., 2006. Experiments testing the
use of waste material in estuaries as habitat for subtidal organisms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
338, 164–178.
Coen, L. D., and Luckenbach, M. W., 2000. Developing success
criteria and goals for evaluating oyster reef restoration: ecological function or resource exploitation? Ecological Engineering,
15, 323–343.
Fabi, G., and Spagnolo, A., 2011. Artificial reefs in the management
of Mediterranean Sea fisheries. In Bortone, S. A., Brandini, F.,
Fabi, G., and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in Fisheries
Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 167–186.
Foster, K. L., Steimle, F. W., Muir, W. C., Kropp, R. K., Roy, K., and
Conlin, B. E., 1994. Mitigation potential of habitat replacement:
concrete artificial reef in Delaware Bay—preliminary results.
Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 783–795.
Grove, R. S., Sonu, C. J., and Nakamura, M., 1991. Design and
engineering of manufactured habitats for fisheries enhancement.
In Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague, L. M. (eds.), Artificial Habitats
for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries. San Diego, California:
Academic Press, pp. 109–152.
Kim, C. G., Lee, S. I., Cha, H. K., Yang, J. H., and Son, Y. S., 2011.
A case study of artificial reefs in fisheries management: enhancement of sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus, by artificial reefs in the
eastern waters of Korea. In Bortone, S. A., Brandini, F., Fabi, G.,
and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in Fisheries Management.
Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 111–124.
Okano, T., Takeda, M., Nakagawa, Y., Hirata, K., Mitsuhashi, K.,
Kawaguchi, S., and Ito, J., 2011. Artificial reefs to induce
upwelling to increase fishery resources. In Bortone, S. A.,
Brandini, F., Fabi, G., and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in
Fisheries Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,
pp. 265–278.
Polovina, J. J., 1991. Fisheries applications and biological impacts
of artificial reefs. In Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague, L. M. (eds.),
Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries.
San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 153–176.
Relini, G., Zamboni, N., Tixi, F., and Torcha, G., 1994. Patterns of
sessile macrobenthos community development on an artificial
reef in the Gulf of Genoa (Northwestern Mediterranean).
Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 745–771.
Seaman, W., Jr., and Jensen, A. C., 2000. Purposes and practices of
artificial reef evaluation. In Seaman, W. (ed.), Artificial Reef
Evaluation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague, L. M., 1991. Artificial habitat
practices in aquatic systems. In Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague,
L. M. (eds.), Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater
Fisheries. San Diego, California: Academic Press, pp. 1–29.
Trumbull, R., 1972. The “Graveyard” Lure of Truk Lagoon.
New York Times (US). April 30, 1972.
Cross-references
Fringing Reef
Oyster Reef
AUTOTROPHIC
Antje Rusch
Department of Microbiology and Center for Ecology,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale,
IL, USA
Definition
Autotrophic organisms use an inorganic carbon compound for their sole carbon source (Okafar, 2011). The
corresponding pathways of carbon metabolism are also
referred to as autotrophic.
Etymology: from Greek autόB, self, and Greek trοjή,
nourishment.
AUTOTROPHIC
41
fisheries can be seen in the example off South Korea
(Kim et al., 2011). In this study, artificial reefs were
deployed to enhance spawning success in a bottomdwelling fish species. The reef deployment, coupled with
fishing restrictions, is part of a long-term plan to increase
a depleted fish stock. Similar investigations may give
purposeful direction to future artificial reef designs and
deployments.
Summary
Objects of various materials, shapes, and dimensions have
been deployed in nearly every aquatic environment in all
parts of the world to serve as artificial reefs. Few artificial
reefs have been deployed in estuaries. Nevertheless, oyster shell material, deployed to improve oyster settlement
can be considered an artificial reef or at least an artificial
substrate that behaves similar to other objects deployed
as artificial reefs. Artificial reefs have received considerable attention among aquatic scientists and natural
resource managers to facilitate fisheries. However, there
remain several issues relative to the attraction versus production nature of artificial reefs that need to be resolved
before they become part of a regularly prescribed option
for estuarine resource management.
Bibliography
Bohnsack, J.A., and Sutherland, D.L. 1985. Artificial reef research:
a review with recommendations for future priorities. Bulletin of
Marine Science, 37, 11–39.
Bohnsack, J. A., 1989. Are high densities of fishes at artificial reefs
the result of habitat limitation or behavioral preference? Bulletin
of Marine Science, 44, 631–645.
Bortone, S. A., 2006. A perspective of artificial reef research: the
past, present, and future. Bulletin of Marine Science, 78, 1–8.
Bortone, S. A., 2008. Coupling fisheries with ecology through
marine artificial reef deployments. In Nielsen, J., Dodson, J. J.,
Friedland, K., Hamon, T. R., Musick, J., and Verspoor,
E. (eds.), Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: Proceedings
of the Fourth World Fisheries Congress. 1,946 pages/2 volumes,
Symposium 49. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries
Society, pp. 917–924.
Bortone, S. A., 2011. A pathway to resolving an old dilemma: lack
of artificial reefs in fisheries management. In Bortone, S. A.,
Brandini, F., Fabi, G., and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in
Fisheries Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,
pp. 311–321.
Bortone, S. A., Martin, T. R., and Bundrick, C. M., 1994. Factors
affecting fish assemblage development on a modular artificial
reef in a northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science,
55, 319–332.
Chapman, M. G., and Clynick, B. G., 2006. Experiments testing the
use of waste material in estuaries as habitat for subtidal organisms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
338, 164–178.
Coen, L. D., and Luckenbach, M. W., 2000. Developing success
criteria and goals for evaluating oyster reef restoration: ecological function or resource exploitation? Ecological Engineering,
15, 323–343.
Fabi, G., and Spagnolo, A., 2011. Artificial reefs in the management
of Mediterranean Sea fisheries. In Bortone, S. A., Brandini, F.,
Fabi, G., and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in Fisheries
Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 167–186.
Foster, K. L., Steimle, F. W., Muir, W. C., Kropp, R. K., Roy, K., and
Conlin, B. E., 1994. Mitigation potential of habitat replacement:
concrete artificial reef in Delaware Bay—preliminary results.
Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 783–795.
Grove, R. S., Sonu, C. J., and Nakamura, M., 1991. Design and
engineering of manufactured habitats for fisheries enhancement.
In Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague, L. M. (eds.), Artificial Habitats
for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries. San Diego, California:
Academic Press, pp. 109–152.
Kim, C. G., Lee, S. I., Cha, H. K., Yang, J. H., and Son, Y. S., 2011.
A case study of artificial reefs in fisheries management: enhancement of sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus, by artificial reefs in the
eastern waters of Korea. In Bortone, S. A., Brandini, F., Fabi, G.,
and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in Fisheries Management.
Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 111–124.
Okano, T., Takeda, M., Nakagawa, Y., Hirata, K., Mitsuhashi, K.,
Kawaguchi, S., and Ito, J., 2011. Artificial reefs to induce
upwelling to increase fishery resources. In Bortone, S. A.,
Brandini, F., Fabi, G., and Otake, S. (eds.), Artificial Reefs in
Fisheries Management. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,
pp. 265–278.
Polovina, J. J., 1991. Fisheries applications and biological impacts
of artificial reefs. In Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague, L. M. (eds.),
Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries.
San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 153–176.
Relini, G., Zamboni, N., Tixi, F., and Torcha, G., 1994. Patterns of
sessile macrobenthos community development on an artificial
reef in the Gulf of Genoa (Northwestern Mediterranean).
Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 745–771.
Seaman, W., Jr., and Jensen, A. C., 2000. Purposes and practices of
artificial reef evaluation. In Seaman, W. (ed.), Artificial Reef
Evaluation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague, L. M., 1991. Artificial habitat
practices in aquatic systems. In Seaman, W., Jr., and Sprague,
L. M. (eds.), Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater
Fisheries. San Diego, California: Academic Press, pp. 1–29.
Trumbull, R., 1972. The “Graveyard” Lure of Truk Lagoon.
New York Times (US). April 30, 1972.
Cross-references
Fringing Reef
Oyster Reef
AUTOTROPHIC
Antje Rusch
Department of Microbiology and Center for Ecology,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale,
IL, USA
Definition
Autotrophic organisms use an inorganic carbon compound for their sole carbon source (Okafar, 2011). The
corresponding pathways of carbon metabolism are also
referred to as autotrophic.
Etymology: from Greek autόB, self, and Greek trοjή,
nourishment.
AUTOTROPHIC
41