Bibliography
Barnes, R. S. K., 1967. The osmotic behaviour of a number of
grapsoid crabs with respect to their differential penetration of
an estuarine system. Journal of Experimental Biology, 47,
535–551.
Cameron, A. M., 1966. Some aspects of the behavior of the soldier
crab, Mictyris longicarpus. Pacific Science, 20, 224–234.
Davie, P. J. F., Shih, H.-T., and Chan, B. K. K., 2010. A new species
of Mictyris (Decapoda, Brachyura, Mictyridae) from the Ryukyu
Islands, Japan. In Castro, P., Davie, P. J. F., Ng, P. K. L., and de
Forges, B. R. (eds.), Studies on Brachyura: A Homage to
Danièle Guinot. Leiden: Brill. Crustaceana Monographs, Vol.
11, pp. 83–105.
Davie, P. J. F., Wisespongpand, P., and Shih, H.-T., 2013. A new species of Mictyris Latreille, 1806 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura:
Mictyridae) from the Andaman coast of Thailand, with notes on its
ecology and behaviour. Zootaxa, 3686(1), 065–076.
Dittmann, S., 1993. Impact of foraging soldier crabs (Decapoda:
Mictyridae) on meiofauna in a tropical tidal flat. Revista de
Biologia Tropical, 41, 627–637.
Dittmann, S., 1998. Behaviour and population structure of soldier
crabs Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille): observations from a tidal
flat in tropical north Queensland Australia. Senckenbergiana
Maritima, 28(4–6), 177–184.
Fairbridge, R. W., 1980. The estuary: its definition and geodynamic
cycle. In Olausson, E., and Cato, I. (eds.), Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Chichester: Wiley.
Farrelly, C., and Greenaway, P., 1987. The morphology and vasculature of the lungs and gills of the soldier crab Mictyris
longicarpus. Journal of Morphology, 193, 285–304.
Kelemec, J. A., 1979. Effect of temperature on the emergence from
burrows of the soldier crab, Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille).
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30,
463–468.
Maitland, D. P., and Maitland, A., 1992. Penetration of water into
blind-ended capillary tubes and its bearing on the functional
design of the lungs of soldier crabs Mictyris longicarpus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 163, 333–344.
McNeill, F. A., 1926. A revision of the family mictyridae. Studies in
Australian Carcinology No. 2. Records of the Australian
Museum, 15, 100–128, pls. ix–x.
Quinn, R. H., 1986. Experimental studies of food ingestion and
assimilation of the soldier crab, Mictyris longicarpus Latreille
(Decapoda, Mictyridae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 102, 167–181.
Rossi, F., and Chapman, M. G., 2003. Influence of sediment on
burrowing by the soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus Latreille. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 289, 181–195.
Sadao, K., 2003. Effect of soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus on
chemical properties and microflora of mangrove forest.
Mangurobu ni kansuru Chosa Kenkyu Hokokusho Heisei, 14
Nendo, 281–291.
Shih, J. T., 1995. Population densities and annual activities of Mictyris
brevidactylus (Stimpson, 1858) in the Tanshui Mangrove Swamp
of Northern Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 34, 96–105.
Takeda, S., 2005. Sexual differences in behaviour during breeding
season in the soldier crab (Mictyris brevidactylus). Journal of
the Zoological Society of London, 266, 197–204.
Unno, J., 2008. A new species of soldier crab, Mictyris occidentalis
(Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Mictyridae) from Western
Australia, with congener comparisons. Journal of the Royal
Society of Western Australia, 91, 31–50.
Unno, J., and Semeniuk, V., 2008. Ichnological studies of the Western Australian soldier crab Mictyris occidentalis Unno 2008:
correlations of field and aquarium observations. Journal of the
Royal Society of Western Australia, 91, 175–198.
Unno, J., and Semeniuk, V., 2009. The habitats of the Western
Australian soldier crab Mictyris occidentalis Unno 2008
(Brachyura: Mictyridae) across its biogeographical range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 92, 289–363.
Webb, A. P., and Eyre, B. D., 2004. The effect of natural populations
of the burrowing and grazing soldier crab (Mictyris longicarpus)
on sediment irrigation, benthic metabolism and nitrogen fluxes.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 309, 1–19.
Cross-references
Blue Crabs
Fiddler Crabs
SPECIES RICHNESS
Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez, Gabriela Andrade-Sorcia
and Nestor M. Robinson
Programa de Investigación en Botãnica Marina,
Departamento Académico de Biología Marina,
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz,
Baja California Sur, Mexico
Synonyms
Number of species per area/region/ecosystem
Definition
Species richness is the simplest way to describe biotic
community and regional diversity (Maguran, 1988). It
refers to the number of species in an area, biotic community, or ecosystem. Species richness does not take into
account the abundances of the species or their relative
abundance distribution, but rather the number of species
in a particular area considering their phylogenetic differences as part of the diversity (Smith and Smith 2001). Different species concepts have been used in species richness
studies (i.e., biological, ecological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic species concepts). An unified species concept
has recently been proposed by de Queiroz (2007).
Description
The observed species richness is affected by the general
area of sampling, heterogeneity of the habitat, trophic
structure of the area, geographic region, and season of
sampling. The species richness can vary considerably in
different habitats, seasons, and geographic regions. The
addition of new species with increasing sampling effort
can be shown by a species accumulation curve (Bower
and Zar, 1995). Increasing the area sampled can also
increase the observed species richness both because large
areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small
areas and because more individuals may inhabit these
areas. Species richness is a fundamental measurement of
community and regional diversity, and it underlies many
ecological models and conservation strategies (Gotelli
and Colwell, 2001).
612
SPECIES RICHNESS
Barnes, R. S. K., 1967. The osmotic behaviour of a number of
grapsoid crabs with respect to their differential penetration of
an estuarine system. Journal of Experimental Biology, 47,
535–551.
Cameron, A. M., 1966. Some aspects of the behavior of the soldier
crab, Mictyris longicarpus. Pacific Science, 20, 224–234.
Davie, P. J. F., Shih, H.-T., and Chan, B. K. K., 2010. A new species
of Mictyris (Decapoda, Brachyura, Mictyridae) from the Ryukyu
Islands, Japan. In Castro, P., Davie, P. J. F., Ng, P. K. L., and de
Forges, B. R. (eds.), Studies on Brachyura: A Homage to
Danièle Guinot. Leiden: Brill. Crustaceana Monographs, Vol.
11, pp. 83–105.
Davie, P. J. F., Wisespongpand, P., and Shih, H.-T., 2013. A new species of Mictyris Latreille, 1806 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura:
Mictyridae) from the Andaman coast of Thailand, with notes on its
ecology and behaviour. Zootaxa, 3686(1), 065–076.
Dittmann, S., 1993. Impact of foraging soldier crabs (Decapoda:
Mictyridae) on meiofauna in a tropical tidal flat. Revista de
Biologia Tropical, 41, 627–637.
Dittmann, S., 1998. Behaviour and population structure of soldier
crabs Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille): observations from a tidal
flat in tropical north Queensland Australia. Senckenbergiana
Maritima, 28(4–6), 177–184.
Fairbridge, R. W., 1980. The estuary: its definition and geodynamic
cycle. In Olausson, E., and Cato, I. (eds.), Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Chichester: Wiley.
Farrelly, C., and Greenaway, P., 1987. The morphology and vasculature of the lungs and gills of the soldier crab Mictyris
longicarpus. Journal of Morphology, 193, 285–304.
Kelemec, J. A., 1979. Effect of temperature on the emergence from
burrows of the soldier crab, Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille).
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30,
463–468.
Maitland, D. P., and Maitland, A., 1992. Penetration of water into
blind-ended capillary tubes and its bearing on the functional
design of the lungs of soldier crabs Mictyris longicarpus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 163, 333–344.
McNeill, F. A., 1926. A revision of the family mictyridae. Studies in
Australian Carcinology No. 2. Records of the Australian
Museum, 15, 100–128, pls. ix–x.
Quinn, R. H., 1986. Experimental studies of food ingestion and
assimilation of the soldier crab, Mictyris longicarpus Latreille
(Decapoda, Mictyridae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 102, 167–181.
Rossi, F., and Chapman, M. G., 2003. Influence of sediment on
burrowing by the soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus Latreille. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 289, 181–195.
Sadao, K., 2003. Effect of soldier crab Mictyris longicarpus on
chemical properties and microflora of mangrove forest.
Mangurobu ni kansuru Chosa Kenkyu Hokokusho Heisei, 14
Nendo, 281–291.
Shih, J. T., 1995. Population densities and annual activities of Mictyris
brevidactylus (Stimpson, 1858) in the Tanshui Mangrove Swamp
of Northern Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 34, 96–105.
Takeda, S., 2005. Sexual differences in behaviour during breeding
season in the soldier crab (Mictyris brevidactylus). Journal of
the Zoological Society of London, 266, 197–204.
Unno, J., 2008. A new species of soldier crab, Mictyris occidentalis
(Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Mictyridae) from Western
Australia, with congener comparisons. Journal of the Royal
Society of Western Australia, 91, 31–50.
Unno, J., and Semeniuk, V., 2008. Ichnological studies of the Western Australian soldier crab Mictyris occidentalis Unno 2008:
correlations of field and aquarium observations. Journal of the
Royal Society of Western Australia, 91, 175–198.
Unno, J., and Semeniuk, V., 2009. The habitats of the Western
Australian soldier crab Mictyris occidentalis Unno 2008
(Brachyura: Mictyridae) across its biogeographical range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 92, 289–363.
Webb, A. P., and Eyre, B. D., 2004. The effect of natural populations
of the burrowing and grazing soldier crab (Mictyris longicarpus)
on sediment irrigation, benthic metabolism and nitrogen fluxes.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 309, 1–19.
Cross-references
Blue Crabs
Fiddler Crabs
SPECIES RICHNESS
Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez, Gabriela Andrade-Sorcia
and Nestor M. Robinson
Programa de Investigación en Botãnica Marina,
Departamento Académico de Biología Marina,
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz,
Baja California Sur, Mexico
Synonyms
Number of species per area/region/ecosystem
Definition
Species richness is the simplest way to describe biotic
community and regional diversity (Maguran, 1988). It
refers to the number of species in an area, biotic community, or ecosystem. Species richness does not take into
account the abundances of the species or their relative
abundance distribution, but rather the number of species
in a particular area considering their phylogenetic differences as part of the diversity (Smith and Smith 2001). Different species concepts have been used in species richness
studies (i.e., biological, ecological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic species concepts). An unified species concept
has recently been proposed by de Queiroz (2007).
Description
The observed species richness is affected by the general
area of sampling, heterogeneity of the habitat, trophic
structure of the area, geographic region, and season of
sampling. The species richness can vary considerably in
different habitats, seasons, and geographic regions. The
addition of new species with increasing sampling effort
can be shown by a species accumulation curve (Bower
and Zar, 1995). Increasing the area sampled can also
increase the observed species richness both because large
areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small
areas and because more individuals may inhabit these
areas. Species richness is a fundamental measurement of
community and regional diversity, and it underlies many
ecological models and conservation strategies (Gotelli
and Colwell, 2001).
612
SPECIES RICHNESS