Niles, L. J., Sitters, H. P., Dey, A. D., Atkinson, P. W., Baker, A. J.,
Bennett, K. A., Carmona, R., Clark, K. E., Clark, N. A., Espoz,
C., González, P. M., Harrington, B. A., Hernández, D. E., Kalasz,
K. S., Lathrop, R. G., Matus, R. N., Minton, C. D. T., Morrison,
R. I. G., Peck, M. K., Pitts, W., Robinson, R. A., and Serrano,
I. L., 2008. Status of the Red Knot, Calidris canutus rufa, in the
Western Hemisphere. Studies in Avian Biology, 36, 1–185.
Niles, L.J., Burger, J., Porter, R.R., Dey, A.D., Minton, C.D.T.,
Gonzalez, P.M., Baker, A.J., Fox, J.W., and Gordon, C., 2010.
First results using light level geolocators to track Red Knots in
the Western Hemisphere show rapid and long intercontinental
flights and new details of migration pathways. Wader Study
Group Bull, 117(2), 123–130.
Pfeffer, W. T., Harper, J. T., and O’Neel, S., 2008. Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-Century sea-level rise.
Science, 5(321): 1340–1343.
Piersma, T., and Lindstrom, A., 2004. Migrating shorebirds as
integrative sentinels of global environmental change. Ibis, 146,
61–69.
Piersma, T., Wiersma, P., and van Gills, J., 1997. The many
Unknowns about plovers and sandpipers of the world: introduction to a wealth of research opportunities highly relevant for
shorebird conservation. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 82, 23–33.
Sandercock, B. K., 2003. Estimation of survival rates of wader
populations: a review of mark-recapture methods. Wader Study
Group Bulletin, 100, 163–174.
Van Rhjn, J., 1991. The Ruff. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.
Warnock, N., Elphick, C., and Rubega, M. A., 2001. Shorebirds in the
marine environment. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.),
Biology of Marine Birds. New York: CRC Press, pp. 581–615.
Cross-references
Climate Change
Coastal Bays
Coastal Wetlands
Deltas
Estuarine Beaches
Food Chain
Food Web/Trophic Dynamics
Habitat Loss
Mean Sea Level
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Oil Pollution
Seabirds
Shoreline
Shoreline Changes
SHORELINE
Nils-Axel Mörner
Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Saltsjöbaden,
Sweden
Synonyms
Coastline
Definition
Shoreline is defined as the point or line where the sea
intersects the land. Considering tidal variations, it corresponds to the mean sea-level position on the shore.
The shoreline has shifted in the past with changes in sea
level or crustal movements (crustal uplift or sinking).
Description
Due to the glacial eustatic rise in sea level after the last ice
age maximum some 20,000 years ago, the shoreline has
been changing from about À120 m to the present position.
Along many coasts, the past shorelines have shifted due to
crustal movements. In seismically active areas, crustal
dynamics give rise to sequences of uplifted former shorelines, for example, in Japan (Ota, 1986) and New Zealand
(Wellman, 1967). In former glaciated areas such as
Fennoscandia, Scotland, and North America, the glacial
isostatic process (Jemisson, 1882; De Geer, 1888–1890;
Hillaire-Marcel and Fairbridge, 1978; Mörner, 1979,
1980) has tilted the shorelines from the center of glaciation
to the periphery. Bravais (1840) was the first to record
such tilted shorelines. Gilbert (1890) recorded isostatically deformed shorelines at the former Lake Bonneville
in America. There are also submarine shorelines, which
appear to represent minor stillstands in the postglacial rise
of sea level (see Carter et al., 1986). Sometimes it is possible to isolate the crustal and eustatic components in the
spectra of former shorelines such as for the last interglacial–glacial cycle of coral reefs in New Guinea
(Chappell et al., 1996) and for the last deglacial phase in
Fennoscandia (Mörner, 1971).
Bibliography
Bravais, M., 1840. Sur les lignes d-ancien niveau de la mere dans le
Finmark. Compte Rendu Academie des Sciences de Paris, 10,
691–693.
Carter, R. M., Carter, L., and Johnson, D. P., 1986. Submergent
shorelines in the SW Pacific: evidence for an episodic postglacial transgression. Sedimentology, 33(5), 629–649.
Chappell, J., Omura, A., Esat, T., McCulloch, M., Pandolfi, J., Ota,
Y., and Pillans, B., 1996. Reconciliation of late Quaternary sea
levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with deep
sea oxygen isotope records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 141, 227–236.
De Geer, G., 1888–1890. Om Skandinaviens nivåförändringar
under Qartärperioden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm
Förhandlingar, 10, 366–379 (1888) & ibid, 12, 61–110 (1890).
Gilbert, K. G., 1890. Lake Bonneville. United States Geological
Survey Memoire, 1, 1–438.
Hillaire-Marcell, C., and Fairbridge, R. W., 1978. Isostasy and
eustasy in Hudson Bay. Geology, 6, 117–122.
Jamieson, T. F., 1882. On the cause of the depression and
re-elevation of the land during the Glacial Period. Geological
Magazine, 9, 400–407.
Mörner, N. -A., 1971. Eustatic changes during the last 20,000 years
and a method of separating the isostatic and eustatic factors in an
uplifted
area.
Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 9, 153–181.
Mörner, N. -A., 1979. The Fennoscandian uplift and Late Cenozoic
geodynamics: geological evidence. GeoJournal, 3(3), 287–318.
Mörner, N. -A. (ed.), 1980. Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy.
A Collective Work of 47 Individual Papers from the Interdisciplinary Symposium in Stockholm 1977 on “Earth Rheology
and Late Cenozoic Isostatic Movements.” Geodynamics Project,
Scientific Report No. 49. New York: Wiley.
SHORELINE
589
Bennett, K. A., Carmona, R., Clark, K. E., Clark, N. A., Espoz,
C., González, P. M., Harrington, B. A., Hernández, D. E., Kalasz,
K. S., Lathrop, R. G., Matus, R. N., Minton, C. D. T., Morrison,
R. I. G., Peck, M. K., Pitts, W., Robinson, R. A., and Serrano,
I. L., 2008. Status of the Red Knot, Calidris canutus rufa, in the
Western Hemisphere. Studies in Avian Biology, 36, 1–185.
Niles, L.J., Burger, J., Porter, R.R., Dey, A.D., Minton, C.D.T.,
Gonzalez, P.M., Baker, A.J., Fox, J.W., and Gordon, C., 2010.
First results using light level geolocators to track Red Knots in
the Western Hemisphere show rapid and long intercontinental
flights and new details of migration pathways. Wader Study
Group Bull, 117(2), 123–130.
Pfeffer, W. T., Harper, J. T., and O’Neel, S., 2008. Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-Century sea-level rise.
Science, 5(321): 1340–1343.
Piersma, T., and Lindstrom, A., 2004. Migrating shorebirds as
integrative sentinels of global environmental change. Ibis, 146,
61–69.
Piersma, T., Wiersma, P., and van Gills, J., 1997. The many
Unknowns about plovers and sandpipers of the world: introduction to a wealth of research opportunities highly relevant for
shorebird conservation. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 82, 23–33.
Sandercock, B. K., 2003. Estimation of survival rates of wader
populations: a review of mark-recapture methods. Wader Study
Group Bulletin, 100, 163–174.
Van Rhjn, J., 1991. The Ruff. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.
Warnock, N., Elphick, C., and Rubega, M. A., 2001. Shorebirds in the
marine environment. In Schreiber, E. A., and Burger, J. (eds.),
Biology of Marine Birds. New York: CRC Press, pp. 581–615.
Cross-references
Climate Change
Coastal Bays
Coastal Wetlands
Deltas
Estuarine Beaches
Food Chain
Food Web/Trophic Dynamics
Habitat Loss
Mean Sea Level
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Oil Pollution
Seabirds
Shoreline
Shoreline Changes
SHORELINE
Nils-Axel Mörner
Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics, Saltsjöbaden,
Sweden
Synonyms
Coastline
Definition
Shoreline is defined as the point or line where the sea
intersects the land. Considering tidal variations, it corresponds to the mean sea-level position on the shore.
The shoreline has shifted in the past with changes in sea
level or crustal movements (crustal uplift or sinking).
Description
Due to the glacial eustatic rise in sea level after the last ice
age maximum some 20,000 years ago, the shoreline has
been changing from about À120 m to the present position.
Along many coasts, the past shorelines have shifted due to
crustal movements. In seismically active areas, crustal
dynamics give rise to sequences of uplifted former shorelines, for example, in Japan (Ota, 1986) and New Zealand
(Wellman, 1967). In former glaciated areas such as
Fennoscandia, Scotland, and North America, the glacial
isostatic process (Jemisson, 1882; De Geer, 1888–1890;
Hillaire-Marcel and Fairbridge, 1978; Mörner, 1979,
1980) has tilted the shorelines from the center of glaciation
to the periphery. Bravais (1840) was the first to record
such tilted shorelines. Gilbert (1890) recorded isostatically deformed shorelines at the former Lake Bonneville
in America. There are also submarine shorelines, which
appear to represent minor stillstands in the postglacial rise
of sea level (see Carter et al., 1986). Sometimes it is possible to isolate the crustal and eustatic components in the
spectra of former shorelines such as for the last interglacial–glacial cycle of coral reefs in New Guinea
(Chappell et al., 1996) and for the last deglacial phase in
Fennoscandia (Mörner, 1971).
Bibliography
Bravais, M., 1840. Sur les lignes d-ancien niveau de la mere dans le
Finmark. Compte Rendu Academie des Sciences de Paris, 10,
691–693.
Carter, R. M., Carter, L., and Johnson, D. P., 1986. Submergent
shorelines in the SW Pacific: evidence for an episodic postglacial transgression. Sedimentology, 33(5), 629–649.
Chappell, J., Omura, A., Esat, T., McCulloch, M., Pandolfi, J., Ota,
Y., and Pillans, B., 1996. Reconciliation of late Quaternary sea
levels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with deep
sea oxygen isotope records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 141, 227–236.
De Geer, G., 1888–1890. Om Skandinaviens nivåförändringar
under Qartärperioden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm
Förhandlingar, 10, 366–379 (1888) & ibid, 12, 61–110 (1890).
Gilbert, K. G., 1890. Lake Bonneville. United States Geological
Survey Memoire, 1, 1–438.
Hillaire-Marcell, C., and Fairbridge, R. W., 1978. Isostasy and
eustasy in Hudson Bay. Geology, 6, 117–122.
Jamieson, T. F., 1882. On the cause of the depression and
re-elevation of the land during the Glacial Period. Geological
Magazine, 9, 400–407.
Mörner, N. -A., 1971. Eustatic changes during the last 20,000 years
and a method of separating the isostatic and eustatic factors in an
uplifted
area.
Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 9, 153–181.
Mörner, N. -A., 1979. The Fennoscandian uplift and Late Cenozoic
geodynamics: geological evidence. GeoJournal, 3(3), 287–318.
Mörner, N. -A. (ed.), 1980. Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy.
A Collective Work of 47 Individual Papers from the Interdisciplinary Symposium in Stockholm 1977 on “Earth Rheology
and Late Cenozoic Isostatic Movements.” Geodynamics Project,
Scientific Report No. 49. New York: Wiley.
SHORELINE
589