It consists of a set of artificial neurons each carrying out
the same basic computation and linked with other neurons
through certain connection paths. Before its application,
the network parameters are determined through a mathematical training process for a given set of input and/or
output data. Estuarine applications include estimation or
prediction of parameters describing processes of tides,
currents, waves, wind, sediment transport, and their
interactions.
Bibliography
Deo, M. C., 2010. Artificial neural networks in coastal and ocean
engineering. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 39,
589–596.
Haykin, S. S., 1999. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Jain, P., and Deo, M. C., 2006. Neural networks in ocean engineering. International Journal of Ships and Offshore Structures, 1,
25–35.
Kosko, B., 1992. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Upper
Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Wasserman, P. D., 1993. Advanced Methods in Neural Computing.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Wu, K. K., 1994. Neural Networks and Simulation Methods.
New York: Marcel Decker.
Cross-references
Climate Change
Shoreline Changes
Tidal and Nontidal Oscillations
Tidal Hydrodynamics
Water Quality
NEUSTON
Harold G. Marshall
Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, VA, USA
Definition
Organisms living at the air/water interface of freshwater,
estuarine, and marine habitats or referring to the biota on
or directly below the water’s surface layer.
Description
The neuston (Greek: neustos – swimming) populations of
the surface layer are divided into two groups. The
epineuston are organisms living on the water’s surface in
contrast to the hyponeuston which are organisms within
a region of specified depth directly below the surface
layer. The term neuston was first used by Naumann
(1917) to describe species associated with the surface
layer of freshwater habitats, with Zaitsev (1971) later identifying neuston composition in marine waters. These
populations would include microscopic species, plus various plant and animal taxa (e.g., phyto- and zooplankton)
living in this region. Gladyshev (2002) has further characterized the major physical and chemical dynamics of
the surface layer influencing the composition and relationships with various neustonic populations. Investigations of these surface populations from the often more
placid freshwater lake and pond habitats to the turbulence common to surface waters of estuaries and oceans
have led to different interpretations regarding what
populations should be included in this category and
how they may be collected. Historically different
methods have been established for sampling organisms
occupying either the epineuston or hyponeuston regions.
For descriptions and comparisons of the various collection devices, see Gladyshev (2002) and Marshall and
Burchardt (2005).
Species of the estuarine hyponeuston typically come
from the existing plankton populations that are in the
water column and also include migratory taxa that may
enter this region. The representation of these populations
will also be subject to seasonal and diurnal changes in
composition and abundance and will be subject to the
influence of existing environmental conditions. A major
sampling difference involves the hyponeuston and the
depth the water sample is taken. The marine and estuarine
sampling gear for the hyponeuston will typically collect
a sample at a deeper depth (e.g., to 5 cm by Zaitsev,
1971, within 1 m by Hardy, 1997) than those taken in
freshwater studies which generally involve a more shallow range of several millimeters (Marshall and Gladyshev,
2009). Thus, various studies of the neuston may involve
different methodologies and instrumentation in sampling
both the epineuston and hyponeuston biota.
Bibliography
Gladyshev, M. I., 2002. Biophysics of the Surface Microlayer of
Aquatic Systems. London: IWI Publishing.
Hardy, J. T., 1997. Biological effects of chemicals in the sea-surface
microlayer. In Liss, P. S., and Duce, R. A. (eds.), The Sea Surface
and Global Change. New York: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 339–370.
Marshall, H. G., and Burchardt, L., 2005. Neuston, its definition
with a historical review regarding its concept and community
structure. Archive für Hydrobiologie, 164(4), 429–448.
Marshall, H. G., and Gladyshev, M. I., 2009. Neuston in aquatic
ecosystems. In Likens, G. E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Inland
Waters. Oxford: Elsevier, Vol. 1, pp. 97–102.
Naumann, E., 1917. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Teichnannoplanktons. II. Über das Neuston des Süsswassers. Biologisches
Zentralblatt, 37, 98–106.
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Washington, DC:
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA and NSF.
Cross-references
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
454
NEUSTON
the same basic computation and linked with other neurons
through certain connection paths. Before its application,
the network parameters are determined through a mathematical training process for a given set of input and/or
output data. Estuarine applications include estimation or
prediction of parameters describing processes of tides,
currents, waves, wind, sediment transport, and their
interactions.
Bibliography
Deo, M. C., 2010. Artificial neural networks in coastal and ocean
engineering. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 39,
589–596.
Haykin, S. S., 1999. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Jain, P., and Deo, M. C., 2006. Neural networks in ocean engineering. International Journal of Ships and Offshore Structures, 1,
25–35.
Kosko, B., 1992. Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Upper
Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Wasserman, P. D., 1993. Advanced Methods in Neural Computing.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Wu, K. K., 1994. Neural Networks and Simulation Methods.
New York: Marcel Decker.
Cross-references
Climate Change
Shoreline Changes
Tidal and Nontidal Oscillations
Tidal Hydrodynamics
Water Quality
NEUSTON
Harold G. Marshall
Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, VA, USA
Definition
Organisms living at the air/water interface of freshwater,
estuarine, and marine habitats or referring to the biota on
or directly below the water’s surface layer.
Description
The neuston (Greek: neustos – swimming) populations of
the surface layer are divided into two groups. The
epineuston are organisms living on the water’s surface in
contrast to the hyponeuston which are organisms within
a region of specified depth directly below the surface
layer. The term neuston was first used by Naumann
(1917) to describe species associated with the surface
layer of freshwater habitats, with Zaitsev (1971) later identifying neuston composition in marine waters. These
populations would include microscopic species, plus various plant and animal taxa (e.g., phyto- and zooplankton)
living in this region. Gladyshev (2002) has further characterized the major physical and chemical dynamics of
the surface layer influencing the composition and relationships with various neustonic populations. Investigations of these surface populations from the often more
placid freshwater lake and pond habitats to the turbulence common to surface waters of estuaries and oceans
have led to different interpretations regarding what
populations should be included in this category and
how they may be collected. Historically different
methods have been established for sampling organisms
occupying either the epineuston or hyponeuston regions.
For descriptions and comparisons of the various collection devices, see Gladyshev (2002) and Marshall and
Burchardt (2005).
Species of the estuarine hyponeuston typically come
from the existing plankton populations that are in the
water column and also include migratory taxa that may
enter this region. The representation of these populations
will also be subject to seasonal and diurnal changes in
composition and abundance and will be subject to the
influence of existing environmental conditions. A major
sampling difference involves the hyponeuston and the
depth the water sample is taken. The marine and estuarine
sampling gear for the hyponeuston will typically collect
a sample at a deeper depth (e.g., to 5 cm by Zaitsev,
1971, within 1 m by Hardy, 1997) than those taken in
freshwater studies which generally involve a more shallow range of several millimeters (Marshall and Gladyshev,
2009). Thus, various studies of the neuston may involve
different methodologies and instrumentation in sampling
both the epineuston and hyponeuston biota.
Bibliography
Gladyshev, M. I., 2002. Biophysics of the Surface Microlayer of
Aquatic Systems. London: IWI Publishing.
Hardy, J. T., 1997. Biological effects of chemicals in the sea-surface
microlayer. In Liss, P. S., and Duce, R. A. (eds.), The Sea Surface
and Global Change. New York: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 339–370.
Marshall, H. G., and Burchardt, L., 2005. Neuston, its definition
with a historical review regarding its concept and community
structure. Archive für Hydrobiologie, 164(4), 429–448.
Marshall, H. G., and Gladyshev, M. I., 2009. Neuston in aquatic
ecosystems. In Likens, G. E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Inland
Waters. Oxford: Elsevier, Vol. 1, pp. 97–102.
Naumann, E., 1917. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Teichnannoplanktons. II. Über das Neuston des Süsswassers. Biologisches
Zentralblatt, 37, 98–106.
Zaitsev, Y. P., 1971. Marine Neustonology. Washington, DC:
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA and NSF.
Cross-references
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
454
NEUSTON