Impacts on Salt Marshes: A Global Perspective. Berkeley:
University of California Press, pp. 149–169.
Ewanchuk, P. J., and Bertness, M. D., 2004. The role of
waterlogging in maintaining forb pannes in northern
New England salt marshes. Ecology, 85, 1568–1574.
James-Pirri, M.-J., Erwin, R. M., Prosser, D. J., and Taylor, J. D.,
2012. Responses of salt marsh ecosystems to mosquito control
management practices along the Atlantic Coast (U.S.A.).
Restoration Ecology, 20, 395–404.
Smith, J., 1904. Mosquitoes Occurring within the State, Their
Habits, Life History, etc. Trenton: MacCrellish & Quigley State
Printers. Report of the New Jersey State Agricultural Station.
Cross-references
Coastal Wetlands
Estuarine Deltaic Wetlands
Saltmarshes
MUTUALISM
Antje Rusch
Department of Microbiology and Center for Ecology,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale,
IL, USA
Definition
Mutualism is defined as reciprocally beneficial interaction
between species (Hay et al. 2004).
Mutualistic interactions include the exchange of
resources and services, such as metabolites, assistance in
inhibiting competitors or predators, and reducing susceptibility to physical stress from wind, water flow or light
(Stachowicz, 2001). For each partner, the investment in
such interactions is outweighed by the benefits gained.
Direct and indirect mutualisms are widespread in aquatic
environments and conditional rather than obligate
(Hay et al., 2004). Mutualisms in which the participating
organisms live in close physical association to each other
are called symbioses.
Bibliography
Hay, M. E., Parker, J. D., Burkepile, D. E., Caudill, C. C.,
Wilson, A. E., Hallinan, Z. P., and Chequer, A. D., 2004.
Mutualisms and aquatic community structure: the enemy of my
enemy is my friend. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and
Systematics, 35, 175–197.
Stachowicz, J. J., 2001. Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of
ecological communities. BioScience, 51, 235–246.
Cross-references
Symbiosis
MUTUALISM
449
University of California Press, pp. 149–169.
Ewanchuk, P. J., and Bertness, M. D., 2004. The role of
waterlogging in maintaining forb pannes in northern
New England salt marshes. Ecology, 85, 1568–1574.
James-Pirri, M.-J., Erwin, R. M., Prosser, D. J., and Taylor, J. D.,
2012. Responses of salt marsh ecosystems to mosquito control
management practices along the Atlantic Coast (U.S.A.).
Restoration Ecology, 20, 395–404.
Smith, J., 1904. Mosquitoes Occurring within the State, Their
Habits, Life History, etc. Trenton: MacCrellish & Quigley State
Printers. Report of the New Jersey State Agricultural Station.
Cross-references
Coastal Wetlands
Estuarine Deltaic Wetlands
Saltmarshes
MUTUALISM
Antje Rusch
Department of Microbiology and Center for Ecology,
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale,
IL, USA
Definition
Mutualism is defined as reciprocally beneficial interaction
between species (Hay et al. 2004).
Mutualistic interactions include the exchange of
resources and services, such as metabolites, assistance in
inhibiting competitors or predators, and reducing susceptibility to physical stress from wind, water flow or light
(Stachowicz, 2001). For each partner, the investment in
such interactions is outweighed by the benefits gained.
Direct and indirect mutualisms are widespread in aquatic
environments and conditional rather than obligate
(Hay et al., 2004). Mutualisms in which the participating
organisms live in close physical association to each other
are called symbioses.
Bibliography
Hay, M. E., Parker, J. D., Burkepile, D. E., Caudill, C. C.,
Wilson, A. E., Hallinan, Z. P., and Chequer, A. D., 2004.
Mutualisms and aquatic community structure: the enemy of my
enemy is my friend. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and
Systematics, 35, 175–197.
Stachowicz, J. J., 2001. Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of
ecological communities. BioScience, 51, 235–246.
Cross-references
Symbiosis
MUTUALISM
449