Granéli, E., Carlsson, P., and Legrand, C., 1999. The role of C,
N and P in dissolved and particulate matter as a nutritional source
for phytoplankton growth, including toxic species. Aquatic Ecology, 33, 17–27.
Harrison, P. J., Furuya, K., Glibert, P. M., Xu, J., Liu, H. B., Yin, K.,
Lee, J. H. W., Anderson, D. M., Gowen, R., Al-Azri, A. R., and
Ho, A. Y. T., 2011. Geographical distribution of red and green
Noctiluca scintillans. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 29, 807–831.
Heil, C. A., Glibert, P. M., and Fan, C., 2005. Prorocentrum
minimum (Pavillard) Schiller: a review of a harmful algal
bloom species of growing worldwide importance. Harmful
Algae, 4, 449–470.
Heisler, J., Glibert, P. M., Burkholder, J. M., Anderson, D. A.,
Cochlan, W. P., Dennison, W. C., Dortch, Q., Gobler, C., Heil,
C. A., Humphries, E., Lewitus, A., Magnien, R., Marshall, H.,
Sellner, K., Stockwell, D., Stoecker, D., and Suddleson, M.,
2008. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific
consensus. Harmful Algae, 8, 3–13.
Howarth, R. W., 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review
of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae,
8, 14–20.
Hu, C., Li, D., Chen, C., Ge, J., and Muller-Karger, F. E., 2010.
On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea
and East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research,
115(C05017), 2.
Ibelings, B. W., and Chorus, I., 2007. Accumulation of
cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health: a review. Environmental Pollution,
150, 177–192.
Imai, I., Yamaguchi, M., and Hori, Y., 2006. Eutrophication and
occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea,
Japan. Plankton and Benthos Research, 1, 71–84.
Johnson, P., Townsend, A., Cleveland, C. C., Glibert, P. M.,
Howarth, R., Mackenzie, V., Rejmankova, E., and Ward, M.,
2010. Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease
emergence in humans and wildlife. Ecological Applications,
20, 16–29.
Kamykowski, D., Yamazaki, H., Yamazaki, A. K., and Kirkpatrick,
G. J., 1998. A comparison of how different orientation behaviors
influence dinoflagellate trajectories and photoresponses in turbulent water columns. In Anderson, D. M., Cembella, A. D.,
and Hallegraeff, G. M. (eds.), Physiological Ecology of Harmful
Algal Blooms. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 581–599.
Kemp, W. M., Boynton, W. R., Adolf, J. E., Boesch, D. F., Boicourt,
W. C., Brush, G., Cornwell, J. C., Fisher, T. R., Glibert, P. M.,
Hagy, J. D., Harding, L. W., Houde, E. D., Kimmel, D. G.,
Miller, W. D., Newell, R. I. E., Roman, M. R., Smith, E. M.,
and Stevenson, J. C., 2005. Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay:
historical trends and ecological interactions. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 303, 1–29.
Kim, H. G., 2006. Mitigation and control of HABs. In Granéli, E.,
and Turner, J. (eds.), The Ecology of Harmful Algae. New York:
Springer-Verlag, pp. 327–340.
Lancelot, C., 1995. The mucilage phenomenon in the continental
coastal waters of the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 165, 83–102.
Lancelot, C., Martin, J. M., Panin, N., and Zaitsev, Y., 2002.
The North-western Black Sea: a pilot site to understand
the complex interaction between human activities and the
coastal environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
54, 279–283.
Landsberg, J., 2002. The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic
organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10, 113–190.
Madden, C., 2010. Case study: Florida Bay. In Glibert, P. M.,
Madden, C., Boynton, W., Flemer, D., Heil, C., and Sharp,
J. (eds.), Nutrients in Estuaries. A Summary Report of the National
Estuarine Experts Workgroup, 2006–2007. EPA Office of
Water. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/
nutrients/upload/Nutrients-in-Estuaries-November-2010.pdf
Mitra, A., and Flynn, K. J., 2010. Modelling mixotrophy; more
or less the sum of the parts? Journal of Marine Systems,
83, 158–169.
Moore, S. K., Trainer, V. L., Mantua, N. J., Parker, M. S., Laws,
E. A., Backer, L. C., and Flemming, L. E., 2008. Impacts of
climate variability and future change on harmful algal blooms
and human health. Environmental Health, 7, S4, doi:10.1186/
1476-069X-7-S2-S4.
O’Neil, J. M., Davis, T. W., Burford, M. A., and Gobler, C. J., 2012.
The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: the potential roles
of eutrophication and climate change. Harmful Algae,
14, 313–334.
Paerl, H. W., and Millie, D. F., 1996. Physiological ecology of toxic
aquatic cyanobacteria. Phycologia, 35(Suppl. 6), 160–167.
Parsons, M. L., Dortch, Q., and Turner, R. E., 2002. Sedimentological evidence of an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia
(Bacillariophyceae) abundance in response to coastal eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 551–558.
Roelke, D. L., Errera, R. M., Kiesling, R., Brooks, B. W., Grover,
J. P., Schwierzke, L., Ureña-Boeck, F., Baker, J., and Pinckney,
J. L., 2007. Effects of nutrient enrichment on Prymnesium
parvum population dynamics and toxicity: results from field
experiments, Lake Possum Kingdom, USA. Aquatic Microbial
Ecology, 46, 125–140.
Scholin, C. A., Gulland, F., Doucette, G. J., Bensen, S., Busman,
M., Chavez, F. P., Cordaro, J., DeLong, R., DeVogelaere, A.,
Harvey, J., Haulena, M., Lefebvre, K., Lipscomb, T., Loscutoff,
S., Lowenstine, L. J., Marin, R., III, Miller, P. E., McLellan,
W. A., Moeller, P. D. R., Powell, C. L., Rowles, T., Silvagni,
P., Silber, M., Spraker, T., Trainer, V. L., and Van Dolah, F. M.,
2000. Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast
linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature, 403, 80–84.
Sellner, K. G., Doucette, G. J., and Kirkpatrick, G. J., 2003.
Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection. Journal
of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3, 383–406.
Smayda, T. J., 2002. Adaptive ecology, growth strategies and
the global bloom expansion of dinoflagellates. Journal of
Oceanography, 58, 281–294.
Sunda, W. G., Granéli, E., and Gobler, C. J., 2006. Positive
feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem
disruptive algal blooms. Journal of Phycology, 42, 963–974.
Tracey, G. A., 1988. Feeding reduction, reproductive failure, and
mortality in Mytilus edulis during the 1985 “brown tide” in
Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 50, 73–81.
Trainer, V. L., Le Eberhart, B.-T., Wekell, J. C., Adams, N. G.,
Hanson, L., Cox, F., and Dowell, J., 2003. Paralytic shellfish
toxins in Puget Sound, Washington. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 22, 213–223.
Trainer, V. L., Cochlan, W. P., Erickson, A., Bill, B. D., Cox, F. H.,
Borchert, J. A., and Lefebvre, K. A., 2007. Recent domoic acid
closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland
waterways. Harmful Algae, 6, 449–459.
Trainer, V. L., Bates, S. S., Lundholm, N., Thessen, A. E.,
Cochlan, W. P., Adams, N. C., and Trick, C. G., 2012.
Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity,
monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health. Harmful Algae,
14, 271–300.
Cross-references
Ecological Stoichiometry
Eutrophication
16
ALGAL BLOOMS
N and P in dissolved and particulate matter as a nutritional source
for phytoplankton growth, including toxic species. Aquatic Ecology, 33, 17–27.
Harrison, P. J., Furuya, K., Glibert, P. M., Xu, J., Liu, H. B., Yin, K.,
Lee, J. H. W., Anderson, D. M., Gowen, R., Al-Azri, A. R., and
Ho, A. Y. T., 2011. Geographical distribution of red and green
Noctiluca scintillans. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 29, 807–831.
Heil, C. A., Glibert, P. M., and Fan, C., 2005. Prorocentrum
minimum (Pavillard) Schiller: a review of a harmful algal
bloom species of growing worldwide importance. Harmful
Algae, 4, 449–470.
Heisler, J., Glibert, P. M., Burkholder, J. M., Anderson, D. A.,
Cochlan, W. P., Dennison, W. C., Dortch, Q., Gobler, C., Heil,
C. A., Humphries, E., Lewitus, A., Magnien, R., Marshall, H.,
Sellner, K., Stockwell, D., Stoecker, D., and Suddleson, M.,
2008. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: a scientific
consensus. Harmful Algae, 8, 3–13.
Howarth, R. W., 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review
of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae,
8, 14–20.
Hu, C., Li, D., Chen, C., Ge, J., and Muller-Karger, F. E., 2010.
On the recurrent Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea
and East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research,
115(C05017), 2.
Ibelings, B. W., and Chorus, I., 2007. Accumulation of
cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public health: a review. Environmental Pollution,
150, 177–192.
Imai, I., Yamaguchi, M., and Hori, Y., 2006. Eutrophication and
occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea,
Japan. Plankton and Benthos Research, 1, 71–84.
Johnson, P., Townsend, A., Cleveland, C. C., Glibert, P. M.,
Howarth, R., Mackenzie, V., Rejmankova, E., and Ward, M.,
2010. Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease
emergence in humans and wildlife. Ecological Applications,
20, 16–29.
Kamykowski, D., Yamazaki, H., Yamazaki, A. K., and Kirkpatrick,
G. J., 1998. A comparison of how different orientation behaviors
influence dinoflagellate trajectories and photoresponses in turbulent water columns. In Anderson, D. M., Cembella, A. D.,
and Hallegraeff, G. M. (eds.), Physiological Ecology of Harmful
Algal Blooms. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 581–599.
Kemp, W. M., Boynton, W. R., Adolf, J. E., Boesch, D. F., Boicourt,
W. C., Brush, G., Cornwell, J. C., Fisher, T. R., Glibert, P. M.,
Hagy, J. D., Harding, L. W., Houde, E. D., Kimmel, D. G.,
Miller, W. D., Newell, R. I. E., Roman, M. R., Smith, E. M.,
and Stevenson, J. C., 2005. Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay:
historical trends and ecological interactions. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 303, 1–29.
Kim, H. G., 2006. Mitigation and control of HABs. In Granéli, E.,
and Turner, J. (eds.), The Ecology of Harmful Algae. New York:
Springer-Verlag, pp. 327–340.
Lancelot, C., 1995. The mucilage phenomenon in the continental
coastal waters of the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 165, 83–102.
Lancelot, C., Martin, J. M., Panin, N., and Zaitsev, Y., 2002.
The North-western Black Sea: a pilot site to understand
the complex interaction between human activities and the
coastal environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
54, 279–283.
Landsberg, J., 2002. The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic
organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10, 113–190.
Madden, C., 2010. Case study: Florida Bay. In Glibert, P. M.,
Madden, C., Boynton, W., Flemer, D., Heil, C., and Sharp,
J. (eds.), Nutrients in Estuaries. A Summary Report of the National
Estuarine Experts Workgroup, 2006–2007. EPA Office of
Water. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/
nutrients/upload/Nutrients-in-Estuaries-November-2010.pdf
Mitra, A., and Flynn, K. J., 2010. Modelling mixotrophy; more
or less the sum of the parts? Journal of Marine Systems,
83, 158–169.
Moore, S. K., Trainer, V. L., Mantua, N. J., Parker, M. S., Laws,
E. A., Backer, L. C., and Flemming, L. E., 2008. Impacts of
climate variability and future change on harmful algal blooms
and human health. Environmental Health, 7, S4, doi:10.1186/
1476-069X-7-S2-S4.
O’Neil, J. M., Davis, T. W., Burford, M. A., and Gobler, C. J., 2012.
The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: the potential roles
of eutrophication and climate change. Harmful Algae,
14, 313–334.
Paerl, H. W., and Millie, D. F., 1996. Physiological ecology of toxic
aquatic cyanobacteria. Phycologia, 35(Suppl. 6), 160–167.
Parsons, M. L., Dortch, Q., and Turner, R. E., 2002. Sedimentological evidence of an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia
(Bacillariophyceae) abundance in response to coastal eutrophication. Limnology and Oceanography, 47, 551–558.
Roelke, D. L., Errera, R. M., Kiesling, R., Brooks, B. W., Grover,
J. P., Schwierzke, L., Ureña-Boeck, F., Baker, J., and Pinckney,
J. L., 2007. Effects of nutrient enrichment on Prymnesium
parvum population dynamics and toxicity: results from field
experiments, Lake Possum Kingdom, USA. Aquatic Microbial
Ecology, 46, 125–140.
Scholin, C. A., Gulland, F., Doucette, G. J., Bensen, S., Busman,
M., Chavez, F. P., Cordaro, J., DeLong, R., DeVogelaere, A.,
Harvey, J., Haulena, M., Lefebvre, K., Lipscomb, T., Loscutoff,
S., Lowenstine, L. J., Marin, R., III, Miller, P. E., McLellan,
W. A., Moeller, P. D. R., Powell, C. L., Rowles, T., Silvagni,
P., Silber, M., Spraker, T., Trainer, V. L., and Van Dolah, F. M.,
2000. Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast
linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Nature, 403, 80–84.
Sellner, K. G., Doucette, G. J., and Kirkpatrick, G. J., 2003.
Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection. Journal
of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3, 383–406.
Smayda, T. J., 2002. Adaptive ecology, growth strategies and
the global bloom expansion of dinoflagellates. Journal of
Oceanography, 58, 281–294.
Sunda, W. G., Granéli, E., and Gobler, C. J., 2006. Positive
feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem
disruptive algal blooms. Journal of Phycology, 42, 963–974.
Tracey, G. A., 1988. Feeding reduction, reproductive failure, and
mortality in Mytilus edulis during the 1985 “brown tide” in
Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Marine Ecology Progress
Series, 50, 73–81.
Trainer, V. L., Le Eberhart, B.-T., Wekell, J. C., Adams, N. G.,
Hanson, L., Cox, F., and Dowell, J., 2003. Paralytic shellfish
toxins in Puget Sound, Washington. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 22, 213–223.
Trainer, V. L., Cochlan, W. P., Erickson, A., Bill, B. D., Cox, F. H.,
Borchert, J. A., and Lefebvre, K. A., 2007. Recent domoic acid
closures of shellfish harvest areas in Washington State inland
waterways. Harmful Algae, 6, 449–459.
Trainer, V. L., Bates, S. S., Lundholm, N., Thessen, A. E.,
Cochlan, W. P., Adams, N. C., and Trick, C. G., 2012.
Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity,
monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health. Harmful Algae,
14, 271–300.
Cross-references
Ecological Stoichiometry
Eutrophication
16
ALGAL BLOOMS