Bibliography
Allen, G. P., and Posamentier, H. W., 1993. Sequence stratigraphy
and facies model of an incised valley fill; the Gironde Estuary,
France. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 63(3), 378–391.
Allen, G. P., Salomon, J. C., Bassoullet, P., Du Penhoat, Y., and de
Grandpré, C., 1980. Effects of tides on mixing and suspended
sediment transport in macrotidal estuaries. Sedimentary Geology, 26, 69–90.
Armi, L., and Farmer, D. M., 1986. Maximal two-layer exchange
over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction
with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 164, 53–76.
Babanin, A. V., 2006. On a wave-induced turbulence and a wavemixed upper ocean layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 33,
L20605, doi:10.1029/2006GL027308.
Bates, C. C., 1953. Rational theory of delta formation. Bulletin
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 37, 2119–2162.
Begg, G. W., 1978. The estuaries of Natal. Natal Town and
Regional Planning Report 41, 657 pp.
Cameron, W. M., and Pritchard, D. W., 1963. Estuaries. In Hill,
M. N. (ed.), The Sea. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Vol. 2,
pp. 306–324.
Chen, S.-N., and Sanford, L. P., 2009. Axial wind effects on stratification and longitudinal salt transport in an idealized, partially
mixed estuary*. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39,
1905–1920.
Cresswell, I. D., 2000. Ecological significance of freshwater seeps
along the western shore of the Leschenault Inlet estuary. Journal
of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 83, 285–292.
Dalrymple, R. W., Zaitlin, B. A., and Boyd, R., 1992. Estuarine
facies models; conceptual basis and stratigraphic implications.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 62, 1130–1146.
Day, J. H., 1981. Estuarine Ecology – with Particular Reference to
Southern Africa. Rotterdam: A A Balkema.
Dyer, K. R., 1973. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction. London:
John Wiley & Sons, p. 140.
Feireisl, E., 2004. Dynamics of Viscous Compressible Fluids.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Geyer, W. R., and Farmer, D. M., 1989. Tide-induced variation of
the dynamics of a salt-wedge estuary. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 19, 1060–1072.
Gross, M. G., 1972. Oceanography – A View of the Earth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Haas, L. W., 1977. The effect of the spring-neap tidal cycle on the
vertical salinity structure of the James, York and Rappahannock
Rivers, Virginia, U.S.A. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science,
5(4), 485–496.
Jackson, J. R., 1833. On the seiches of Lakes. Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, 3, 271–275.
Kantha, L. H., Phillips, O. M., and Azad, R. S., 1977. On turbulent
entrainment at a stable density interface. Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, 79(4), 753–768.
Knox, G. A., 1986. Estuarine Ecosystems: A Systems Approach.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Vol. 1.
Lerczak, J. A., and Geyer, W. R., 2004. Modeling the lateral circulation in straight, stratified estuaries. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 1410–1428, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)
034<1410:MTLCIS>2.0.CO;2.
Li, C., Valle-Levinson, A., Wong, K. C., and Lwiza, K. M. M.,
1998. Separating baroclinic flow from tidally induced flow in
estuaries. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C5), 405–410.
Luettich, R. A., Carr, S. D., Reynolds-Fleming, J. V., Fulcher, C. W.,
and McNinch, J. E., 2002. Semi-diurnal seiching in a shallow,
micro-tidal lagoonal estuary. Continental Shelf Research,
22(11), 1669–1681, doi:10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00031-6.
MacCready, P., 1999. Estuarine adjustment to changes in river flow
and tidal mixing. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29,
708–726.
Martin, J. L., and McCutcheon, I., 1999. Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Orton, G. J., and Reading, H. G., 1993. Variability of deltaic process
in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain
size. Sedimentology, 40, 475–512.
Pritchard, D. W., 1955. Estuarine circulation patterns. Proceedings
of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 81, 1–11.
Pritchard, D. W., 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. In
Lauf, G. H. (ed.), Estuaries.Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science Publication, 83, pp. 3–5.
Qiao, F., Yuan, Y., Yang, Y., Zheng, Q., Xia, C., and Ma, J., 2004.
Wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean: distribution and application to a global ocean circulation model. Geophysical
Research Letters, 31, L11303, doi:10.1029/2004GL019824.
Ratkovich, D. Ya., and Ivanova, L. V., 2001. Wind-induced water
level rises. Water Resources, 28(5), 509–515.
Schroeder, W. W., Dinnel, S. P., and Wiseman, W. J., 1990. Salinity
stratification in a river-dominated estuary. Estuaries, 13(2),
145–154.
Schumann, E., Largier, J., and Slinger, J., 1999. Estuarine hydrodynamics. In Allanson, B. R., and Baird, D. (eds.), Estuaries of
South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 27–52.
Marine/Freshwater Mixing, Figure 12 Response of the salinity
gradient the St. Lucia estuary to a variable climate. This diagram
captures the variable response of a single estuary in terms of its
longitudinal salinity to inter-annual variation in climate. The
beauty of the diagram is that the pattern can be applied to
various estuaries in different climate settings, or any single
estuary with variable inter-annual climate (Diagram after Begg,
1978, illustrated in Schumann et al., 1999).
416
MARINE/FRESHWATER MIXING
Allen, G. P., and Posamentier, H. W., 1993. Sequence stratigraphy
and facies model of an incised valley fill; the Gironde Estuary,
France. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 63(3), 378–391.
Allen, G. P., Salomon, J. C., Bassoullet, P., Du Penhoat, Y., and de
Grandpré, C., 1980. Effects of tides on mixing and suspended
sediment transport in macrotidal estuaries. Sedimentary Geology, 26, 69–90.
Armi, L., and Farmer, D. M., 1986. Maximal two-layer exchange
over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction
with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 164, 53–76.
Babanin, A. V., 2006. On a wave-induced turbulence and a wavemixed upper ocean layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 33,
L20605, doi:10.1029/2006GL027308.
Bates, C. C., 1953. Rational theory of delta formation. Bulletin
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 37, 2119–2162.
Begg, G. W., 1978. The estuaries of Natal. Natal Town and
Regional Planning Report 41, 657 pp.
Cameron, W. M., and Pritchard, D. W., 1963. Estuaries. In Hill,
M. N. (ed.), The Sea. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Vol. 2,
pp. 306–324.
Chen, S.-N., and Sanford, L. P., 2009. Axial wind effects on stratification and longitudinal salt transport in an idealized, partially
mixed estuary*. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39,
1905–1920.
Cresswell, I. D., 2000. Ecological significance of freshwater seeps
along the western shore of the Leschenault Inlet estuary. Journal
of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 83, 285–292.
Dalrymple, R. W., Zaitlin, B. A., and Boyd, R., 1992. Estuarine
facies models; conceptual basis and stratigraphic implications.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 62, 1130–1146.
Day, J. H., 1981. Estuarine Ecology – with Particular Reference to
Southern Africa. Rotterdam: A A Balkema.
Dyer, K. R., 1973. Estuaries: A Physical Introduction. London:
John Wiley & Sons, p. 140.
Feireisl, E., 2004. Dynamics of Viscous Compressible Fluids.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Geyer, W. R., and Farmer, D. M., 1989. Tide-induced variation of
the dynamics of a salt-wedge estuary. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 19, 1060–1072.
Gross, M. G., 1972. Oceanography – A View of the Earth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Haas, L. W., 1977. The effect of the spring-neap tidal cycle on the
vertical salinity structure of the James, York and Rappahannock
Rivers, Virginia, U.S.A. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science,
5(4), 485–496.
Jackson, J. R., 1833. On the seiches of Lakes. Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society of London, 3, 271–275.
Kantha, L. H., Phillips, O. M., and Azad, R. S., 1977. On turbulent
entrainment at a stable density interface. Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, 79(4), 753–768.
Knox, G. A., 1986. Estuarine Ecosystems: A Systems Approach.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Vol. 1.
Lerczak, J. A., and Geyer, W. R., 2004. Modeling the lateral circulation in straight, stratified estuaries. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 1410–1428, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2004)
034<1410:MTLCIS>2.0.CO;2.
Li, C., Valle-Levinson, A., Wong, K. C., and Lwiza, K. M. M.,
1998. Separating baroclinic flow from tidally induced flow in
estuaries. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C5), 405–410.
Luettich, R. A., Carr, S. D., Reynolds-Fleming, J. V., Fulcher, C. W.,
and McNinch, J. E., 2002. Semi-diurnal seiching in a shallow,
micro-tidal lagoonal estuary. Continental Shelf Research,
22(11), 1669–1681, doi:10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00031-6.
MacCready, P., 1999. Estuarine adjustment to changes in river flow
and tidal mixing. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29,
708–726.
Martin, J. L., and McCutcheon, I., 1999. Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Orton, G. J., and Reading, H. G., 1993. Variability of deltaic process
in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain
size. Sedimentology, 40, 475–512.
Pritchard, D. W., 1955. Estuarine circulation patterns. Proceedings
of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 81, 1–11.
Pritchard, D. W., 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. In
Lauf, G. H. (ed.), Estuaries.Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science Publication, 83, pp. 3–5.
Qiao, F., Yuan, Y., Yang, Y., Zheng, Q., Xia, C., and Ma, J., 2004.
Wave-induced mixing in the upper ocean: distribution and application to a global ocean circulation model. Geophysical
Research Letters, 31, L11303, doi:10.1029/2004GL019824.
Ratkovich, D. Ya., and Ivanova, L. V., 2001. Wind-induced water
level rises. Water Resources, 28(5), 509–515.
Schroeder, W. W., Dinnel, S. P., and Wiseman, W. J., 1990. Salinity
stratification in a river-dominated estuary. Estuaries, 13(2),
145–154.
Schumann, E., Largier, J., and Slinger, J., 1999. Estuarine hydrodynamics. In Allanson, B. R., and Baird, D. (eds.), Estuaries of
South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 27–52.
Marine/Freshwater Mixing, Figure 12 Response of the salinity
gradient the St. Lucia estuary to a variable climate. This diagram
captures the variable response of a single estuary in terms of its
longitudinal salinity to inter-annual variation in climate. The
beauty of the diagram is that the pattern can be applied to
various estuaries in different climate settings, or any single
estuary with variable inter-annual climate (Diagram after Begg,
1978, illustrated in Schumann et al., 1999).
416
MARINE/FRESHWATER MIXING