Moreno-Mateos, D., Power, M. E., Comín, F. A., and Yockteng, R.
2012. Structural and functional loss in restored wetland ecosystems. PLoS biology, 10(1), e1001247.
National Research Council (NRC), 1992. Restoration of Aquatic
Ecosystems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council (NRC), 2001. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.
Oregon Sea Grant, 2002. National Coastal Ecosystem Restoration
Manual. Corvallis, OR: Oregon Sea Grant. ORESU-H-02-002.
Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J. B., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M.,
Fourqurean, J. W., Heck, K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick,
G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., Olyarnik, S., Short, F. T., Waycott,
M., and Williams, S. L., 2006. A global crisis for seagrass
ecosystems. BioScience, 56(12), 987–996.
RAE and NOAA (Restore America’s Estuaries and National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2002. A National
Strategy to Restore Coastal and Estuarine Habitat. RAE,
Arlington, Virginia and NOAA, Washington, DC.
Roberts, J. J., Best, B. D., Dunn, D. C., Treml, E. A., and Halpin,
P. N., 2010. Marine geospatial ecology tools: an integrated
framework for ecological geoprocessing with ArcGIS,
Python, R, MATLAB, and C++. Environmental Modelling &
Software, 25, 1197–1207.
Roman, C. T., Raposa, K. B., Adamowicz, S. C., James-Pirri, M. J.,
and Catena, J. G., 2002. Quantifying vegetation and nekton
response to tidal restoration of a New England tidal marsh. Restoration Ecology, 10(3), 450–460.
Shreffler, D. K., and Thom, R. M., 1993. Restoration of Urban
Estuaries: New Approaches for Site Location and Design.
Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Natural
Resources.
Steyer, G. D., Sasser, C. E., Visser, J. M., Swenson, E. M., Nyman,
J. A., and Raynie, R. C., 2003. A proposed coast-wide reference
monitoring system for evaluating wetland restoration trajectories
in Louisiana. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 81, 107–117.
Thayer, G. W., 1992. Restoring the Nation’s Marine Environment.
College Park, MD: Maryland Sea Grant College.
Thayer, G. W., and Kentula, M. E., 2005. Coastal restoration: where
have we been, where are we now, and where should we be
going? Journal of Coastal Research, 40, 1–5. Special Issue.
Thayer, G. W., McTigue, T. A., Bellmer, R. J., Burrows, F. M.,
Merkey, D. H., Nickens, A. D., Lozano, S. J., Gayaldo, P. F.,
Polmateer, P. J., and Pinit, P. T., 2003. Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats. Volume 1: A Framework
for Monitoring Plans Under the Estuaries and Clean Water Act
of 2000 (Public Law 160–457). Silver Spring, MD: NOAA
Coastal Ocean Program.
Thayer, G. W., McTigue, T. A., Salz, R. J., Merkey, D. H., Burrows,
F. M., and Gayaldo, P. F. 2005. Science-based restoration monitoring of coastal habitats. Volume 2: tools for monitoring
coastal habitats. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coastal Ocean
Program.
Thom, R. M., 1997. System-development matrix for adaptive management of coastal ecosystem restoration projects. Ecological
Engineering, 8, 219–232.
Thom, R. M., 2000. Adaptive management of coastal ecosystem
restoration projects. Ecological Engineering, 15(3–4), 365–372.
Thom, R. M., and Wellman, K. F., 1996. Planning Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring Programs. Alexandria, VIR:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. IWR Report 96-R-23.
Thom, R. M., Williams, G. D., Borde, A. B., Southard, J. A.,
Sargeant, S. L., Woodruff, D. L., Laufle, J. C., and Glasoe, S.,
2005. Adaptively addressing uncertainty in Estuarine and
near coastal restoration projects. Journal of Coastal Research,
40(Special Issue), 94–108.
Thom, R. M., Diefenderfer, H. L., Adkins, J. E., Judd, C., Anderson,
M. G., Buenau, K. E., Borde, A. B., and Johnson, G. E., 2011a.
Guidelines, processes and tools for coastal ecosystem restoration, with examples from the United States. Plankton Benthos
Research, 5, 185–201.
Thom, R. M., Haas, E., Evans, N. R., and Williams, G. D., 2011b.
Lower Columbia River and estuary habitat restoration prioritization framework. Ecological Restoration, 29, 94–110.
Twilley, R. R., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Chen, R. H., and Botero, L.,
1998. Adapting an ecological mangrove model to simulate trajectories in restoration ecology. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 37,
404–419.
USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), 2007a. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers website http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/
index.html. Accessed on 7/17/07.
USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), 2007b. Woodbridge
Creek restoration and mitigation project factsheet. June 2007.
http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/project/newjers/factsh/pdf/wood
bridge.pdf. Accessed 1/25/08.
Warren, R. S., Fell, P. E., Rozsa, R., Brawley, A. H., Orsted, A. C.,
Olson, E. T., Swamy, V. and Niering, W. A., 2002. Salt Marsh
Restoration in Connecticut: 20 Years of Science and Management. Restoration Ecology, 10, 497–51.
Weinstein, M., Teal, J., Balleto, J., and Strait, K., 2001. Restoration
principles emerging from one of the world’s largest tidal marsh
restoration projects. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 9(5),
387–407.
Williams, B. K., Szaro, R. C., and Shapiro, C. D., 2009. Adaptive
Management: The U.S. Department of the Interior Technical
Guide. Washington, DC: Adaptive Management Working
Group, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Yang, Z., Sobocinski, K. L., Heatwole, D., Khangaonkar, T., Thom,
R., and Fuller, R., 2010. Hydrodynamic and ecological assessment of nearshore restoration: a modeling study. Ecological
Modelling, 221, 1043–1053.
Zedler, J. B., 2001. Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands. Boca
Raton: CRC Press.
Zedler, J. B., and Weller, M. W., 1990. Overview and future
directions. In Kusler, J., and Kentula, M. (eds.), Wetland
Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science.
Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 405–413.
Cross-references
Coastal Wetlands
Estuarine Deltaic Wetlands
Forested Wetland Habitat
Habitat Complexity
Habitat Loss
Saltmarshes
Tidal Freshwater Habitat
Wetlands
ESTUARINE SEDIMENT COMPOSITION
Vanesa Magar
Oceanology Division/Department of Physical
Oceanography, CICESE, Ensenada, Mexico
Synonyms
Sedimentology
ESTUARINE SEDIMENT COMPOSITION
285
2012. Structural and functional loss in restored wetland ecosystems. PLoS biology, 10(1), e1001247.
National Research Council (NRC), 1992. Restoration of Aquatic
Ecosystems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council (NRC), 2001. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.
Oregon Sea Grant, 2002. National Coastal Ecosystem Restoration
Manual. Corvallis, OR: Oregon Sea Grant. ORESU-H-02-002.
Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J. B., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M.,
Fourqurean, J. W., Heck, K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick,
G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., Olyarnik, S., Short, F. T., Waycott,
M., and Williams, S. L., 2006. A global crisis for seagrass
ecosystems. BioScience, 56(12), 987–996.
RAE and NOAA (Restore America’s Estuaries and National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2002. A National
Strategy to Restore Coastal and Estuarine Habitat. RAE,
Arlington, Virginia and NOAA, Washington, DC.
Roberts, J. J., Best, B. D., Dunn, D. C., Treml, E. A., and Halpin,
P. N., 2010. Marine geospatial ecology tools: an integrated
framework for ecological geoprocessing with ArcGIS,
Python, R, MATLAB, and C++. Environmental Modelling &
Software, 25, 1197–1207.
Roman, C. T., Raposa, K. B., Adamowicz, S. C., James-Pirri, M. J.,
and Catena, J. G., 2002. Quantifying vegetation and nekton
response to tidal restoration of a New England tidal marsh. Restoration Ecology, 10(3), 450–460.
Shreffler, D. K., and Thom, R. M., 1993. Restoration of Urban
Estuaries: New Approaches for Site Location and Design.
Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Natural
Resources.
Steyer, G. D., Sasser, C. E., Visser, J. M., Swenson, E. M., Nyman,
J. A., and Raynie, R. C., 2003. A proposed coast-wide reference
monitoring system for evaluating wetland restoration trajectories
in Louisiana. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 81, 107–117.
Thayer, G. W., 1992. Restoring the Nation’s Marine Environment.
College Park, MD: Maryland Sea Grant College.
Thayer, G. W., and Kentula, M. E., 2005. Coastal restoration: where
have we been, where are we now, and where should we be
going? Journal of Coastal Research, 40, 1–5. Special Issue.
Thayer, G. W., McTigue, T. A., Bellmer, R. J., Burrows, F. M.,
Merkey, D. H., Nickens, A. D., Lozano, S. J., Gayaldo, P. F.,
Polmateer, P. J., and Pinit, P. T., 2003. Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats. Volume 1: A Framework
for Monitoring Plans Under the Estuaries and Clean Water Act
of 2000 (Public Law 160–457). Silver Spring, MD: NOAA
Coastal Ocean Program.
Thayer, G. W., McTigue, T. A., Salz, R. J., Merkey, D. H., Burrows,
F. M., and Gayaldo, P. F. 2005. Science-based restoration monitoring of coastal habitats. Volume 2: tools for monitoring
coastal habitats. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coastal Ocean
Program.
Thom, R. M., 1997. System-development matrix for adaptive management of coastal ecosystem restoration projects. Ecological
Engineering, 8, 219–232.
Thom, R. M., 2000. Adaptive management of coastal ecosystem
restoration projects. Ecological Engineering, 15(3–4), 365–372.
Thom, R. M., and Wellman, K. F., 1996. Planning Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring Programs. Alexandria, VIR:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. IWR Report 96-R-23.
Thom, R. M., Williams, G. D., Borde, A. B., Southard, J. A.,
Sargeant, S. L., Woodruff, D. L., Laufle, J. C., and Glasoe, S.,
2005. Adaptively addressing uncertainty in Estuarine and
near coastal restoration projects. Journal of Coastal Research,
40(Special Issue), 94–108.
Thom, R. M., Diefenderfer, H. L., Adkins, J. E., Judd, C., Anderson,
M. G., Buenau, K. E., Borde, A. B., and Johnson, G. E., 2011a.
Guidelines, processes and tools for coastal ecosystem restoration, with examples from the United States. Plankton Benthos
Research, 5, 185–201.
Thom, R. M., Haas, E., Evans, N. R., and Williams, G. D., 2011b.
Lower Columbia River and estuary habitat restoration prioritization framework. Ecological Restoration, 29, 94–110.
Twilley, R. R., Rivera-Monroy, V. H., Chen, R. H., and Botero, L.,
1998. Adapting an ecological mangrove model to simulate trajectories in restoration ecology. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 37,
404–419.
USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), 2007a. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers website http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/
index.html. Accessed on 7/17/07.
USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), 2007b. Woodbridge
Creek restoration and mitigation project factsheet. June 2007.
http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/project/newjers/factsh/pdf/wood
bridge.pdf. Accessed 1/25/08.
Warren, R. S., Fell, P. E., Rozsa, R., Brawley, A. H., Orsted, A. C.,
Olson, E. T., Swamy, V. and Niering, W. A., 2002. Salt Marsh
Restoration in Connecticut: 20 Years of Science and Management. Restoration Ecology, 10, 497–51.
Weinstein, M., Teal, J., Balleto, J., and Strait, K., 2001. Restoration
principles emerging from one of the world’s largest tidal marsh
restoration projects. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 9(5),
387–407.
Williams, B. K., Szaro, R. C., and Shapiro, C. D., 2009. Adaptive
Management: The U.S. Department of the Interior Technical
Guide. Washington, DC: Adaptive Management Working
Group, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Yang, Z., Sobocinski, K. L., Heatwole, D., Khangaonkar, T., Thom,
R., and Fuller, R., 2010. Hydrodynamic and ecological assessment of nearshore restoration: a modeling study. Ecological
Modelling, 221, 1043–1053.
Zedler, J. B., 2001. Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands. Boca
Raton: CRC Press.
Zedler, J. B., and Weller, M. W., 1990. Overview and future
directions. In Kusler, J., and Kentula, M. (eds.), Wetland
Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science.
Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 405–413.
Cross-references
Coastal Wetlands
Estuarine Deltaic Wetlands
Forested Wetland Habitat
Habitat Complexity
Habitat Loss
Saltmarshes
Tidal Freshwater Habitat
Wetlands
ESTUARINE SEDIMENT COMPOSITION
Vanesa Magar
Oceanology Division/Department of Physical
Oceanography, CICESE, Ensenada, Mexico
Synonyms
Sedimentology
ESTUARINE SEDIMENT COMPOSITION
285