Gao, Y., Cornwell, J. C., Stoecker, D. K., and Owens, M. S., 2012.
Effects of cyanobacterial-driven pH increases on sediment nutrient fluxes and coupled nitrification-denitrification in a shallow
fresh water estuary. Biogeosciences, 9, 2697–2710.
Geider, R. J., and La Roche, J., 2002. Redfield revisited: variability
of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis. European Journal of Phycology, 37, 1–17.
Glibert, P. M., 1998. Interactions of top-down and bottom-up control in planktonic nitrogen cycling. Hydrobiologia, 363, 1–12.
Glibert, P. M., 2012. Ecological stoichiometry and its implications
for aquatic ecosystem sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 272.
Glibert, P. M., and Goldman, J. C., 1981. Rapid ammonium
uptake by marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology Letters, 2,
25–31.
Glibert, P. M., Harrison, J., Heil, C. A., and Seitzinger, S. P., 2006.
Escalating worldwide use of urea—a global change contributing
to coastal eutrophication. Biogeochemistry, 77, 441–463.
Glibert, P. M., Allen, J. I., Bouwman, L., Brown, C., Flynn, K. J.,
Lewitus, A., and Madden, C., 2010. Modeling of HABs and
eutrophication: status, advances, challenges. Journal of Marine
Systems, 83, 262–275.
Glibert, P. M., Fullerton, D., Burkholder, J. M., Cornwell, J. C., and
Kana, T. M., 2011. Ecological stoichiometry, biogeochemical
cycling, invasive species and aquatic food webs: San Francisco
Estuary and comparative systems. Reviews in Fisheries Science,
19, 358–417.
Granéli, E., and Flynn, K., 2006. Chemical and physical factors
influencing toxin content. In Granéli, E., and Turner, J. T.
(eds.), Ecology of Harmful Algae. Amsterdam: Springer,
pp. 229–241.
Howarth, R. W., 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of
sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae, 8,
14–20.
Kemp, W. M., Boynton, W. R., Adolf, J. E., Boesch, D. F., Boicourt,
W. C., Brush, G., Cornwell, J. C., Fisher, T. R., Glibert, P. M.,
Hagy, J. D., Harding, L. W., Houde, E. D., Kimmel, D. G.,
Miller, W. D., Newell, R. I. E., Roman, M. R., Smith, E. M.,
and Stevenson, J. C., 2005. Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay:
historical trends and ecological interactions. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 303, 1–29.
Klausmeier, C. A., Litchman, E., Daufresne, T., and Levin, S. E.,
2004. Optimal N:P stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature,
429, 171–174.
Lindeman, R. L., 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.
Ecology, 23, 399–418.
Lotka, A. J., 1925. Elements of Physical Biology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Malzahn, A. M., Hantzsche, F., Schoo, K. L., Boersma, M., and
Aberle, N., 2010. Differential effects of nutrient-limited primary
production on primary, secondary or tertiary consumers.
Oecologia, 162, 35–48.
Mitra, A., and Flynn, K. J., 2009. Predator-prey interactions: is
“ecological stoichiometry” sufficient when good food goes
bad? Journal of Plankton Research, 27, 393–399.
Redfield, A. C., 1934. On the proportions of organic derivatives in
sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton. In
Daniel, R. J. (ed.), James Johnstone Memorial Volume.
Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, pp. 176–192.
Rhee, G.-Y., 1978. Effects of N:P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation
on algal growth, cell composition and nitrate uptake. Limnology
and Oceanography, 23, 10–25.
Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., and
Bouwman, A. F., 2005. Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen
and phosphorous to the coastal zone: an overview of global
nutrient export from watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB4S01.
Sterner, R. W., and Elser, J. J., 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry: The
Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Sunda, W. G., Granéli, E., and Gobler, C. J., 2006. Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms. Journal of Phycology, 42, 963–974.
Vanni, M. J., 2002. Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33,
341–370.
von Leibig, J., 1855. Principles of agricultural chemistry with special reference to the late researches made in England. In
Pomeroy, L. R. (ed.), Cycles of Essential Elements (Benchmark
Papers in Ecology). Straussburg: Dowden, Hutchinson, and
Ross, Vol. 1, pp. 11–28. 1974.
Cross-references
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
Food Web/Trophic Dynamics
Trophic Dynamics
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Hai Ren
South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Synonyms
Biotic succession; Community succession; Ecosystem
succession; Succession
Definition
Ecological succession refers to the sequential replacement
of species, communities, or ecosystems over time. When
applied to a given site, succession can encompass change
in communities (often defined by their dominant species)
and ecosystems (which drive or are driven by species
change), structural and functional change (usually but
not always driven by the biota), and abiotic environment
change.
The ecosystem is dynamic. Ecological succession has
internal and external causes. The interaction between various components within an ecosystem is the primary internal driving factor. External driving factors are natural
(e.g., land changes and tsunamis) and man-made (e.g.,
deforestation and fishing) which add to the ecological system. The external factors only can work through the internal factors. The mechanisms include dispersal and
establishment of species, competition, and facilitation.
Stages can be classified into pioneer or initial, early, mediate, and late stage. The final state of dynamic balance is
called climax.
Ecological succession can be divided into progressive
succession (generally following a period of increasing
biodiversity, biomass, and active nutrient cycling) and
retrogressive succession (generally following a period of
decreasing biodiversity, biomass, and nutrient cycling).
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
231
Effects of cyanobacterial-driven pH increases on sediment nutrient fluxes and coupled nitrification-denitrification in a shallow
fresh water estuary. Biogeosciences, 9, 2697–2710.
Geider, R. J., and La Roche, J., 2002. Redfield revisited: variability
of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis. European Journal of Phycology, 37, 1–17.
Glibert, P. M., 1998. Interactions of top-down and bottom-up control in planktonic nitrogen cycling. Hydrobiologia, 363, 1–12.
Glibert, P. M., 2012. Ecological stoichiometry and its implications
for aquatic ecosystem sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 272.
Glibert, P. M., and Goldman, J. C., 1981. Rapid ammonium
uptake by marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology Letters, 2,
25–31.
Glibert, P. M., Harrison, J., Heil, C. A., and Seitzinger, S. P., 2006.
Escalating worldwide use of urea—a global change contributing
to coastal eutrophication. Biogeochemistry, 77, 441–463.
Glibert, P. M., Allen, J. I., Bouwman, L., Brown, C., Flynn, K. J.,
Lewitus, A., and Madden, C., 2010. Modeling of HABs and
eutrophication: status, advances, challenges. Journal of Marine
Systems, 83, 262–275.
Glibert, P. M., Fullerton, D., Burkholder, J. M., Cornwell, J. C., and
Kana, T. M., 2011. Ecological stoichiometry, biogeochemical
cycling, invasive species and aquatic food webs: San Francisco
Estuary and comparative systems. Reviews in Fisheries Science,
19, 358–417.
Granéli, E., and Flynn, K., 2006. Chemical and physical factors
influencing toxin content. In Granéli, E., and Turner, J. T.
(eds.), Ecology of Harmful Algae. Amsterdam: Springer,
pp. 229–241.
Howarth, R. W., 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of
sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae, 8,
14–20.
Kemp, W. M., Boynton, W. R., Adolf, J. E., Boesch, D. F., Boicourt,
W. C., Brush, G., Cornwell, J. C., Fisher, T. R., Glibert, P. M.,
Hagy, J. D., Harding, L. W., Houde, E. D., Kimmel, D. G.,
Miller, W. D., Newell, R. I. E., Roman, M. R., Smith, E. M.,
and Stevenson, J. C., 2005. Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay:
historical trends and ecological interactions. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 303, 1–29.
Klausmeier, C. A., Litchman, E., Daufresne, T., and Levin, S. E.,
2004. Optimal N:P stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature,
429, 171–174.
Lindeman, R. L., 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.
Ecology, 23, 399–418.
Lotka, A. J., 1925. Elements of Physical Biology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Malzahn, A. M., Hantzsche, F., Schoo, K. L., Boersma, M., and
Aberle, N., 2010. Differential effects of nutrient-limited primary
production on primary, secondary or tertiary consumers.
Oecologia, 162, 35–48.
Mitra, A., and Flynn, K. J., 2009. Predator-prey interactions: is
“ecological stoichiometry” sufficient when good food goes
bad? Journal of Plankton Research, 27, 393–399.
Redfield, A. C., 1934. On the proportions of organic derivatives in
sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton. In
Daniel, R. J. (ed.), James Johnstone Memorial Volume.
Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, pp. 176–192.
Rhee, G.-Y., 1978. Effects of N:P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation
on algal growth, cell composition and nitrate uptake. Limnology
and Oceanography, 23, 10–25.
Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., and
Bouwman, A. F., 2005. Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen
and phosphorous to the coastal zone: an overview of global
nutrient export from watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB4S01.
Sterner, R. W., and Elser, J. J., 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry: The
Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Sunda, W. G., Granéli, E., and Gobler, C. J., 2006. Positive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms. Journal of Phycology, 42, 963–974.
Vanni, M. J., 2002. Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33,
341–370.
von Leibig, J., 1855. Principles of agricultural chemistry with special reference to the late researches made in England. In
Pomeroy, L. R. (ed.), Cycles of Essential Elements (Benchmark
Papers in Ecology). Straussburg: Dowden, Hutchinson, and
Ross, Vol. 1, pp. 11–28. 1974.
Cross-references
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
Food Web/Trophic Dynamics
Trophic Dynamics
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Hai Ren
South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Synonyms
Biotic succession; Community succession; Ecosystem
succession; Succession
Definition
Ecological succession refers to the sequential replacement
of species, communities, or ecosystems over time. When
applied to a given site, succession can encompass change
in communities (often defined by their dominant species)
and ecosystems (which drive or are driven by species
change), structural and functional change (usually but
not always driven by the biota), and abiotic environment
change.
The ecosystem is dynamic. Ecological succession has
internal and external causes. The interaction between various components within an ecosystem is the primary internal driving factor. External driving factors are natural
(e.g., land changes and tsunamis) and man-made (e.g.,
deforestation and fishing) which add to the ecological system. The external factors only can work through the internal factors. The mechanisms include dispersal and
establishment of species, competition, and facilitation.
Stages can be classified into pioneer or initial, early, mediate, and late stage. The final state of dynamic balance is
called climax.
Ecological succession can be divided into progressive
succession (generally following a period of increasing
biodiversity, biomass, and active nutrient cycling) and
retrogressive succession (generally following a period of
decreasing biodiversity, biomass, and nutrient cycling).
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
231