artisanal fisheries in Brazil integrates both traditional and
scientific data allowing analyses of catch data for target
species and highlighting estuarine areas that are likely to
be under pressure from overfishing. The GIS tools integrate and translate complex data into an accessible format
using maps, and there are widespread applications from
such a geodatabase, both culturally and commercially.
Also, when updated regularly, they can be used to rapidly
respond to changing conditions or emergencies that
may require the use of management tools such as temporary closures.
By incorporating traditional knowledge, integrated
coastal management is seen as the way forward for the
protection and use of marine and estuarine resources
(Aswani et al., 2012). The planning and implementing of
this management must be backed by legislation that
clearly defines the rights of indigenous and government
stakeholders. This is the case in New Zealand, where the
Treaty of Waitangi is a legal partnership between the British Crown and Māori and the Conservation Act directs the
Department of Conservation to establish co-management
arrangements with Māori. Mātaitai reserves are authorized
by the Minister of fisheries to manage and control seafood
harvesting in keeping with local sustainable management
practices. Tangata tiaki/kaitiaki recommends bylaws and
issues customary food authorizations, and, while commercial fishing may not be allowed, both Māori and
non-Māori are allowed to fish in reserve areas. A lack of
communication and mistrust can impede negotiations
between indigenous and government representatives, and
so a framework is required to integrate information in
a respectful way (Gratani et al., 2011) and guarantee that
the proprietary rights to traditional knowledge remain
with the providers. It is hoped that new management systems for seafood will reduce conflicts between users,
decrease overexploitation, and revitalize conservation traditions that may have been lost.
Bibliography
Aswani, S., 2011. Socioecological approaches for combining
ecosystem-based and customary management in Oceania.
Journal of Marine Biology, 2011, ID 845385, 13 pp.
Aswani, S., Christie, P., Muthiga, N. A., Mahon, R., Primavera,
J. H., Cramer, L. A., Barbier, E. B., Granek, E. F., Kennedy,
C. J., Wolanski, E., and Hacker, S., 2012. The way forward with
ecosystem-based management in tropical contexts: reconciling
with existing management systems. Marine Policy, 36, 1–10.
Berkes, F., 2003. Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18, 621–630.
Berkes, F., 2009. Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge
generation, bridging organisations and social learning. Journal
of Environmental Management, 90, 1692–1702.
Butler, J. R. A., Tawake, A., Skewes, T., Tawake, L., and
McGrath, V., 2012. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge
and fisheries management in the Torres Strait, Australia: the catalytic role of turtles and dugong as cultural keystone species.
Ecology and Society, 17(4), 34.
Coulthard, S., 2011. More than just access to fish. The pros and cons
of fisher participation in a customary marine tenure (Padu) system under pressure. Marine Policy, 35, 405–4011.
De Freitas, D. M., and Tagliani, P. R. A., 2009. The use of GIS for
the integration of traditional and scientific knowledge in
supporting artisanal fisheries management in southern Brazil.
Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2071–2080.
Garibaldi, A., and Turner, N., 2004. Cultural keystone species:
implications for ecological conservation and restoration. Ecology and Society, 9(3), 1. http://dx.doi.org.
Gratani, M., Butler, J. R. A., Royee, F., Valentine, P., Burrows, D.,
Canendo, W. I., and Anderson, A. S., 2011. Is validation of
indigenous ecological knowledge a disrespectful process?
A case study of traditional fishing poisons and invasive fish management from the wet tropics, Australia. Ecology and Society,
16, 25. http://dx.doi.org.
Jokiel, P. L., Rogers, K. S., Walsh, W. J., Polhemus, D. A., and
Wilhelm, T.A., 2011. Marine resource management in the
Hawaiian Archipelago: the traditional system in relation to the
western approach. Journal of Marine Biology, Article
ID151682, 16 pp.
Jones, R., Rigg, C., and Lee, L., 2010. Haida marine planning: first
nations as a partner in marine conservation. Ecology and Society,
15, 12. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org.
Kwan, D., Marsh, H., and Delan, S., 2006. Factors influencing the
sustainability of customary dugong hunting by a remote indigenous community. Environmental Conservation, 33, 164–171.
Lang, M., Orchard, S., Falwasser, T., Rupene, M., Williams, C.,
Tirikatene-Nash, N., and Couch, R., 2012. State of the Takiwā
2012, Te A ¯ huatanga o Te Ihutai. Cultural health assessments
of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and its catchment. Mahaanui
Kurataiao Ltd.
Lobe, K., and Berkes, F., 2004. The Padu system of communitybased fisheries management: change and local institutional innovation in south India. Marine Policy, 28, 271–281.
Mathew, S., 2011. Fishery-dependent information and the ecosystem approach: what role can fishers and their knowledge play
in developing countries? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68,
1805–1808.
Pauling, C., 2003. Ki Uta Ki Tai–Mountains to the Sea Natural
Resource Management: A Scoping Document for Developing
Mountains to the Sea Natural Resource Management Tools for
Ngai Tahu. Christchurch, NZ: Te Rununga o Ngāi Tahu.
Plummer, R., 2006. Sharing the management of a river corridor:
a case study of the co-management process. Society and Natural
Resources, 19, 709–721.
Reis, E. G., and D’Incao, F., 2000. The present status of artisanal
fisheries of extreme southern Brazil: an effort towards
community-based management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 43, 585–595.
Ruddle, K., 1993. External forces and change in traditional
community-based fishery management systems in the AsiaPacific Region. Maritime Anthropological Studies, 6, 1–37.
Ruddle, K., and Hickey, F. R., 2008. Accounting for the
mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries. Environmental
Development and Sustainability, 10, 657–675.
Sen, S., and Nielsen, J.-R., 1996. Fisheries co-management:
a comparative analysis. Marine Policy, 20, 405–418.
Spak, S., 2005. The position of indigenous knowledge in Canadian
co-management organizations. Anthropologica, 47, 233–246.
Thornton, T. F., and Scheer, A. M., 2012. Collective engagement of
local and traditional knowledge and science in marine environments. Ecology and Society, 17(3), 8. http://dx.doi.org.
Weiss, K., Hamann, M., Kinney, M., and Marsh, H., 2012.
Knowledge exchange and policy influence in a marine resource
governance network. Global Environmental Change, 22,
178–188.
Wilson, D. C., Ahmed, M., Siar, S. V., and Kanagaratnam, U., 2006.
Cross-scale linkages and adaptive management: fisheries
co-management in Asia. Marine Policy, 30, 523–533.
168
CULTURAL SEAFOOD MANAGEMENT
scientific data allowing analyses of catch data for target
species and highlighting estuarine areas that are likely to
be under pressure from overfishing. The GIS tools integrate and translate complex data into an accessible format
using maps, and there are widespread applications from
such a geodatabase, both culturally and commercially.
Also, when updated regularly, they can be used to rapidly
respond to changing conditions or emergencies that
may require the use of management tools such as temporary closures.
By incorporating traditional knowledge, integrated
coastal management is seen as the way forward for the
protection and use of marine and estuarine resources
(Aswani et al., 2012). The planning and implementing of
this management must be backed by legislation that
clearly defines the rights of indigenous and government
stakeholders. This is the case in New Zealand, where the
Treaty of Waitangi is a legal partnership between the British Crown and Māori and the Conservation Act directs the
Department of Conservation to establish co-management
arrangements with Māori. Mātaitai reserves are authorized
by the Minister of fisheries to manage and control seafood
harvesting in keeping with local sustainable management
practices. Tangata tiaki/kaitiaki recommends bylaws and
issues customary food authorizations, and, while commercial fishing may not be allowed, both Māori and
non-Māori are allowed to fish in reserve areas. A lack of
communication and mistrust can impede negotiations
between indigenous and government representatives, and
so a framework is required to integrate information in
a respectful way (Gratani et al., 2011) and guarantee that
the proprietary rights to traditional knowledge remain
with the providers. It is hoped that new management systems for seafood will reduce conflicts between users,
decrease overexploitation, and revitalize conservation traditions that may have been lost.
Bibliography
Aswani, S., 2011. Socioecological approaches for combining
ecosystem-based and customary management in Oceania.
Journal of Marine Biology, 2011, ID 845385, 13 pp.
Aswani, S., Christie, P., Muthiga, N. A., Mahon, R., Primavera,
J. H., Cramer, L. A., Barbier, E. B., Granek, E. F., Kennedy,
C. J., Wolanski, E., and Hacker, S., 2012. The way forward with
ecosystem-based management in tropical contexts: reconciling
with existing management systems. Marine Policy, 36, 1–10.
Berkes, F., 2003. Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18, 621–630.
Berkes, F., 2009. Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge
generation, bridging organisations and social learning. Journal
of Environmental Management, 90, 1692–1702.
Butler, J. R. A., Tawake, A., Skewes, T., Tawake, L., and
McGrath, V., 2012. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge
and fisheries management in the Torres Strait, Australia: the catalytic role of turtles and dugong as cultural keystone species.
Ecology and Society, 17(4), 34.
Coulthard, S., 2011. More than just access to fish. The pros and cons
of fisher participation in a customary marine tenure (Padu) system under pressure. Marine Policy, 35, 405–4011.
De Freitas, D. M., and Tagliani, P. R. A., 2009. The use of GIS for
the integration of traditional and scientific knowledge in
supporting artisanal fisheries management in southern Brazil.
Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2071–2080.
Garibaldi, A., and Turner, N., 2004. Cultural keystone species:
implications for ecological conservation and restoration. Ecology and Society, 9(3), 1. http://dx.doi.org.
Gratani, M., Butler, J. R. A., Royee, F., Valentine, P., Burrows, D.,
Canendo, W. I., and Anderson, A. S., 2011. Is validation of
indigenous ecological knowledge a disrespectful process?
A case study of traditional fishing poisons and invasive fish management from the wet tropics, Australia. Ecology and Society,
16, 25. http://dx.doi.org.
Jokiel, P. L., Rogers, K. S., Walsh, W. J., Polhemus, D. A., and
Wilhelm, T.A., 2011. Marine resource management in the
Hawaiian Archipelago: the traditional system in relation to the
western approach. Journal of Marine Biology, Article
ID151682, 16 pp.
Jones, R., Rigg, C., and Lee, L., 2010. Haida marine planning: first
nations as a partner in marine conservation. Ecology and Society,
15, 12. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org.
Kwan, D., Marsh, H., and Delan, S., 2006. Factors influencing the
sustainability of customary dugong hunting by a remote indigenous community. Environmental Conservation, 33, 164–171.
Lang, M., Orchard, S., Falwasser, T., Rupene, M., Williams, C.,
Tirikatene-Nash, N., and Couch, R., 2012. State of the Takiwā
2012, Te A ¯ huatanga o Te Ihutai. Cultural health assessments
of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and its catchment. Mahaanui
Kurataiao Ltd.
Lobe, K., and Berkes, F., 2004. The Padu system of communitybased fisheries management: change and local institutional innovation in south India. Marine Policy, 28, 271–281.
Mathew, S., 2011. Fishery-dependent information and the ecosystem approach: what role can fishers and their knowledge play
in developing countries? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68,
1805–1808.
Pauling, C., 2003. Ki Uta Ki Tai–Mountains to the Sea Natural
Resource Management: A Scoping Document for Developing
Mountains to the Sea Natural Resource Management Tools for
Ngai Tahu. Christchurch, NZ: Te Rununga o Ngāi Tahu.
Plummer, R., 2006. Sharing the management of a river corridor:
a case study of the co-management process. Society and Natural
Resources, 19, 709–721.
Reis, E. G., and D’Incao, F., 2000. The present status of artisanal
fisheries of extreme southern Brazil: an effort towards
community-based management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 43, 585–595.
Ruddle, K., 1993. External forces and change in traditional
community-based fishery management systems in the AsiaPacific Region. Maritime Anthropological Studies, 6, 1–37.
Ruddle, K., and Hickey, F. R., 2008. Accounting for the
mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries. Environmental
Development and Sustainability, 10, 657–675.
Sen, S., and Nielsen, J.-R., 1996. Fisheries co-management:
a comparative analysis. Marine Policy, 20, 405–418.
Spak, S., 2005. The position of indigenous knowledge in Canadian
co-management organizations. Anthropologica, 47, 233–246.
Thornton, T. F., and Scheer, A. M., 2012. Collective engagement of
local and traditional knowledge and science in marine environments. Ecology and Society, 17(3), 8. http://dx.doi.org.
Weiss, K., Hamann, M., Kinney, M., and Marsh, H., 2012.
Knowledge exchange and policy influence in a marine resource
governance network. Global Environmental Change, 22,
178–188.
Wilson, D. C., Ahmed, M., Siar, S. V., and Kanagaratnam, U., 2006.
Cross-scale linkages and adaptive management: fisheries
co-management in Asia. Marine Policy, 30, 523–533.
168
CULTURAL SEAFOOD MANAGEMENT