Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment,
MEDCOAST 97, Vol. 2, pp. 1234–1239.
National Research Council, 1995. Beach Nourishment and Protection. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
PAP/RAC, 2000. Report on the Albanian coastal erosion, PAP/RAC
Mission to Albania to Assess the Problem of Coastal ErosionConsultants’ Reports, UNEP/MAP Priority Actions Program
Regional Activity Centre, 2000.
Pranzini, E., and Rossi, L., 1995. Physical model test in the framework of beach nourishment performance evaluation. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the
Mediterranean Coastal Environment’95, Vol. 2, pp. 1145–1159.
Rakha, K. A., and Abul-Azm, A. G., 2001. Modelling of shoreline
changes along the north western Egyptian coast. In Proceedings
of the Fifth International Conference on the Mediterranean
Coastal Environment’01, Vol. 3, pp. 1467–1478.
Rogers, S. M., and Skrabal, T. E., 2001. Managing Erosion on Estuarine Shorelines. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. The
Soundfront Series, pp. 2–37.
Safecoast, 2008. Chapter 5: Strategy development to manage
coastal risk. Synthesis Report Safecoast. The Hague: Safecoast
project team, pp. 81–109.
Simeoni U., Pano N., and Ciavola P., 1997. The coastline of Albania: morphology, evolution and coastal management issues. In
Evolution des côtes méditerrannéennes, Bulletin de l’Institut
Oceanographique, de Monaco, Commission Internationale pour
l’Exploration Scientifique de la mer Méditerrannées, Monaco,
18, pp. 151–168.
Trowell, S., 2012. Estuarine shoreline stabilization design
and technique. In Estuarine Shorelines: Value, Regulations,
and Stabilization. Beaufort: N.C. Division of Coastal
Management.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual,
4th edn. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center/U.S.
Government Printing Office, Vol. 2.
van Rijn, L. C., 2010. Coastal erosion control based on the concept
of sediment cells. European Commission, Concepts and Science
for Coastal Erosion Management, Conscience.
van Rijn, L. C., 2011. Coastal erosion and control. Ocean & Coastal
Management, 54(12), 867–887.
Cross-references
Bulkheads
Revetments
Sediment Grain Size
Shore Protection
COASTAL INDICATORS
Mafalda Marques Carapuço
Institute Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
Synonyms
Coastal state indicators
Definition
Quantitative/qualitative statements or measured/observed
parameters that can be used to describe existing situations
and measure changes or trends over time (UNESCO,
2006, p. 11), concerning the state of an estuary or other
coastal feature.
Aims and concepts
Indicators aim to convey a complex message in a simple
manner. Their three main functions are to simplify the
information, quantify the target system, and provide
a facilitator tool in the communication process between
different stakeholders (UNESCO, 2006). For this reason,
coastal indicators constitute an extremely useful tool in
coastal management since they can translate observations,
models, and scientific interpretation – which are too
complex and difficult to be used directly in the managing
processes – in a simplified form to coastal managers.
Therefore, indicators facilitate the integration of scientific
know-how in coastal zone planning and management
(e.g., UNESCO, 2003; UNESCO, 2006; NOAA, 2010)
and reduce the risk of failure in the communication
process between scientists and coastal managers (e.g.,
van Koningsveld, 2003; van Koningsveld et al., 2005;
Jiménez, 2010). Thus, in the determination of adequate
coastal indicators to describe a particular system, it is fundamental to receive the input of coastal managers and scientists in a joint effort to define the adequate indicators
(van Koningsveld, 2003). The former are able to assess
what information will be of most value to the management, while the latter can determine what might be
possible to measure based on existing or potential technology and scientific understanding (van Rijn, 2010). As an
example, shoreline position is one of the most commonly
used indicators to determine coastal morphodynamic
state.
Bibliography
Jiménez, J., 2010. Coastal State Indicators at the Conscience
Case Study Sites. Concepts and Science for Coastal Erosion
Management (Conscience) Project. Deliverable D17, Deltares,
the Netherlands.
NOAA, 2010. Coastal Zone Management Act - Performance
Measurement System: Contextual Indicators Manual. Charleston, SC: NOAA National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management.
UNESCO, 2003. A Reference Guide on the Use of Indicators for
Integrated Coastal Management. IOC Manuals and Guides,
45; ICAM Dossier 1, Paris.
UNESCO, 2006. A Handbook for Measuring the Progress and
Outcomes of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management. IOC
Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier 2, Paris.
van Koningsveld, M., 2003. Matching Specialist Knowledge
with End User Needs. PhD Thesis, Enschede, The Netherlands,
University of Twente.
van Koningsveld, M., Davidson, M., and Huntley, D., 2005.
Matching science with coastal management needs: the search
for appropriate coastal state indicators. Journal of Coastal
Research, 21, 399–411.
van Rijn, L., 2010. Description of Coastal State Indicators.
Concepts and Science for Coastal Erosion Management
(Conscience) Project. Deliverable D9, Deltares, the
Netherlands.
COASTAL INDICATORS
139
MEDCOAST 97, Vol. 2, pp. 1234–1239.
National Research Council, 1995. Beach Nourishment and Protection. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
PAP/RAC, 2000. Report on the Albanian coastal erosion, PAP/RAC
Mission to Albania to Assess the Problem of Coastal ErosionConsultants’ Reports, UNEP/MAP Priority Actions Program
Regional Activity Centre, 2000.
Pranzini, E., and Rossi, L., 1995. Physical model test in the framework of beach nourishment performance evaluation. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the
Mediterranean Coastal Environment’95, Vol. 2, pp. 1145–1159.
Rakha, K. A., and Abul-Azm, A. G., 2001. Modelling of shoreline
changes along the north western Egyptian coast. In Proceedings
of the Fifth International Conference on the Mediterranean
Coastal Environment’01, Vol. 3, pp. 1467–1478.
Rogers, S. M., and Skrabal, T. E., 2001. Managing Erosion on Estuarine Shorelines. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. The
Soundfront Series, pp. 2–37.
Safecoast, 2008. Chapter 5: Strategy development to manage
coastal risk. Synthesis Report Safecoast. The Hague: Safecoast
project team, pp. 81–109.
Simeoni U., Pano N., and Ciavola P., 1997. The coastline of Albania: morphology, evolution and coastal management issues. In
Evolution des côtes méditerrannéennes, Bulletin de l’Institut
Oceanographique, de Monaco, Commission Internationale pour
l’Exploration Scientifique de la mer Méditerrannées, Monaco,
18, pp. 151–168.
Trowell, S., 2012. Estuarine shoreline stabilization design
and technique. In Estuarine Shorelines: Value, Regulations,
and Stabilization. Beaufort: N.C. Division of Coastal
Management.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual,
4th edn. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center/U.S.
Government Printing Office, Vol. 2.
van Rijn, L. C., 2010. Coastal erosion control based on the concept
of sediment cells. European Commission, Concepts and Science
for Coastal Erosion Management, Conscience.
van Rijn, L. C., 2011. Coastal erosion and control. Ocean & Coastal
Management, 54(12), 867–887.
Cross-references
Bulkheads
Revetments
Sediment Grain Size
Shore Protection
COASTAL INDICATORS
Mafalda Marques Carapuço
Institute Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Portugal
Synonyms
Coastal state indicators
Definition
Quantitative/qualitative statements or measured/observed
parameters that can be used to describe existing situations
and measure changes or trends over time (UNESCO,
2006, p. 11), concerning the state of an estuary or other
coastal feature.
Aims and concepts
Indicators aim to convey a complex message in a simple
manner. Their three main functions are to simplify the
information, quantify the target system, and provide
a facilitator tool in the communication process between
different stakeholders (UNESCO, 2006). For this reason,
coastal indicators constitute an extremely useful tool in
coastal management since they can translate observations,
models, and scientific interpretation – which are too
complex and difficult to be used directly in the managing
processes – in a simplified form to coastal managers.
Therefore, indicators facilitate the integration of scientific
know-how in coastal zone planning and management
(e.g., UNESCO, 2003; UNESCO, 2006; NOAA, 2010)
and reduce the risk of failure in the communication
process between scientists and coastal managers (e.g.,
van Koningsveld, 2003; van Koningsveld et al., 2005;
Jiménez, 2010). Thus, in the determination of adequate
coastal indicators to describe a particular system, it is fundamental to receive the input of coastal managers and scientists in a joint effort to define the adequate indicators
(van Koningsveld, 2003). The former are able to assess
what information will be of most value to the management, while the latter can determine what might be
possible to measure based on existing or potential technology and scientific understanding (van Rijn, 2010). As an
example, shoreline position is one of the most commonly
used indicators to determine coastal morphodynamic
state.
Bibliography
Jiménez, J., 2010. Coastal State Indicators at the Conscience
Case Study Sites. Concepts and Science for Coastal Erosion
Management (Conscience) Project. Deliverable D17, Deltares,
the Netherlands.
NOAA, 2010. Coastal Zone Management Act - Performance
Measurement System: Contextual Indicators Manual. Charleston, SC: NOAA National Ocean Service, Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management.
UNESCO, 2003. A Reference Guide on the Use of Indicators for
Integrated Coastal Management. IOC Manuals and Guides,
45; ICAM Dossier 1, Paris.
UNESCO, 2006. A Handbook for Measuring the Progress and
Outcomes of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management. IOC
Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier 2, Paris.
van Koningsveld, M., 2003. Matching Specialist Knowledge
with End User Needs. PhD Thesis, Enschede, The Netherlands,
University of Twente.
van Koningsveld, M., Davidson, M., and Huntley, D., 2005.
Matching science with coastal management needs: the search
for appropriate coastal state indicators. Journal of Coastal
Research, 21, 399–411.
van Rijn, L., 2010. Description of Coastal State Indicators.
Concepts and Science for Coastal Erosion Management
(Conscience) Project. Deliverable D9, Deltares, the
Netherlands.
COASTAL INDICATORS
139