Keough, M. J., 1984. Dynamics of the epifauna of the bivalve Pinna
bicolor: interactions among recruitment, predation and competition. Ecology, 65, 677–688.
Kellogg, M. L., Cornwell, J. C., Owens, M. S., and Paynter, K. T.,
2013. Feature article: denitrification and nutrient assimilation
on a restored oyster reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 480,
1–19.
Kennedy, V. S., 1996. The ecological role of the eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica, with remarks on disease. Journal of Shellfish Research, 15, 177–183.
Kennedy, V. S., Newell, R. I. E., and Eble, A. F. (eds.), 1996. The
Eastern Oyster: Crassostrea Virginica. College Park, MD:
Maryland Sea Grant. 734 pp.
Kennedy, V. S., Breitburg, D. L., Christman, M. C., Luckenbach,
M. W., Paynter, K., Kramer, J., Sellner, K. G., Dew-Baxter, J.,
Keller, C., and Mann, R., 2011. Lessons learned from efforts to
restore oyster populations in Maryland and Virginia, 1990 to
2007. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30, 719–731.
Kent, B. W., 1992. Making Dead Oysters Talk: Techniques for
Analyzing Oysters from Archaeological Sites, 2nd edn.
Crownsville, MD: Maryland Historical and Cultural Publication.
76 pp.
Kim, C.-K., Park, K., and Powers, S. P., 2013. Establishing restoration strategy of Eastern oyster via a coupled biophysical transport model. Restoration Ecology, 21, 353–362.
Kimbro, D. L., Grosholz, E. D., Baukus, A., Nesbitt, N., Travis, N.,
Attoe, S., and Coleman-Hulbert, C., 2009. Invasive species
cause large-scale loss of native California oysters by disrupting
trophic cascades. Oecologia, 160, 563–575.
Kingsley-Smith, P. R., Joyce, R. E., Arnott, S. A., Roumillat, W. A.,
Mcdonough, C. J., and Reichert, M. J. M., 2012. Habitat use of
intertidal Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs by nekton
in South Carolina estuaries. Journal of Shellfish Research, 31,
1009–1023.
Kirby, M. X., 2004. Fishing down the coast: historical expansion
and collapse of oyster fisheries along coastal margins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 101, 13096–13099.
Kochmann, J., Buschbaum, C., Volkenborn, N., and Reise, K.,
2008. Shift from native mussels to alien oysters: differential
effects of ecosystem engineers. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 364, 1–10.
Kraeuter, J. N., and Castagna, M. (eds.), 2001. Biology of the Hard
Clam. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Developments in Aquaculture and
Fisheries Science-31. 751 pp.
Kraeuter, J. N., Kennish, M. J., Dobarro, J., Fegley, S. R., and
Flimlin, G. E., Jr., 2003. Rehabilitation of the Northern quahog
(Hard Clam) (Mercenaria mercenaria) habitats by shelling–
11 years in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 22, 61–67.
Kuhlmann, M. L., 1998. Spatial and temporal patterns in the dynamics and use of pen shells (Atrina rigida) as shelters in St. Joseph
Bay, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 62, 157–179.
Lafferty, K. D., Porter, J. W., and Ford, S. E., 2004. Are diseases
increasing in the ocean? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution,
and Systematics, 35, 31–54.
La Peyre, M. K., Gossman, B., and La Peyre, J. F., 2009. Defining
optimal freshwater flow for oyster production: effects of freshet
rate and magnitude of change and duration on eastern oysters
and Perkinsus marinus infection. Estuaries and Coasts, 32,
522–534.
La Peyre, M. K., Eberline, B. S., Soniat, T. M., and La Peyre, J. F.,
2013. Differences in extreme low salinity timing and duration
differentially affect eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) size
class growth and mortality in Breton Sound, LA. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 135, 146–157.
La Peyre, M. K., Furlong, J. N., Brown, L. A., Piazza, B. P., and
Brown, K., 2014a. Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf
of Mexico: extent, methods and outcomes. Ocean and Coastal
Management, 89, 20–28.
La Peyre, M. K., Humphries, A. T., Casas, S. M., and La Peyre, J. L.,
2014b. Temporal variation in development of ecological
services from oyster reef restoration. Ecological Engineering,
63, 34–44.
LaSalle, M. W., and de la Cruz, A. A., 1985. Species Profiles: Life
Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes
and Invertebrates (Gulf Of Mexico) – Common Rangia. United
States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Biological Services
Report No. FWS/OBS-82/11.31, and United States Army Corps
of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4, Washington, DC.
Lehnert, R. L., and Allen, D. M., 2002. Nekton use of subtidal oyster shell habitat in a southeastern U.S. estuary. Estuaries, 25,
1015–1024.
Lenihan, H. S., 1999. Physical-biological coupling on oyster reefs:
how habitat structure influences individual performance. Ecological Monographs, 69, 251–275.
Lenihan, H. S., and Peterson, C. H., 1998. How habitat degradation
through fishery disturbance enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecological Applications, 8, 128–140.
Lenihan, H. S., Micheli, F., Shelton, S. W., and Peterson, C. H.,
1999. The influence of multiple environmental stressors on susceptibility to parasites: an experimental determination with oysters. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 910–924.
Lenihan, H. S., and Micheli, F., 2000. Biological effects of shellfish
harvesting on oyster reefs: resolving a fishery conflict by ecological experimentation. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 86–95.
Leonard, D., and Macfarlane, S., 2011. Best management practices
for shellfish restoration. Prepared for the ISSC Shellfish Restoration Committee, 42 pp. plus appendices
Levinton, J. S., 2013. Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology, 4th edn. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 576 pp.
Levinton, J. S., and Waldman, J. R., (eds.), 2011. The Hudson River
Estuary. Levinton, Cambridge University Press, Reissue edition,
496 pp.
Levinton, J., Doall, M., Ralston, D., Starke, A., and Allam, B.,
2011. Climate change, precipitation and impacts on an estuarine
refuge from disease. PLoS One, 6(4), e18849, doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0018849.
Levinton, J., Doall, M., and Allam, B., 2012. Growth and mortality
patterns of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in impacted
waters in coastal waters in New York, USA. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 32, 417–427.
Lindahl, O., 2011. Mussel farming as a tool for re-eutrophication of
coastal waters: experiences from Sweden, Ch. 8. In Shumway,
S. E. (ed.), Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment. Chichester:
Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 217–237
Lindsay, S. M., Wethey, D. S., and Woodin, S. A., 1996. Modelling
interactions of browsing predation, infaunal activity, and recruitment in marine soft-sediment habitats. American Naturalist,
148, 684–699.
Lipcius, R. N., Eggleston, D. B., Schreiber, S. J., Seitz, R. D., Shen,
J., Sisson, M., Stockhausen, W. T., and Wang, H. V., 2008.
Importance of metapopulation connectivity to restocking and
restoration of marine species. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16,
101–110.
Lipcius, R. N., and Ralph, G. M., 2011. Evidence of source-sink
dynamics in marine and estuarine species. In Liu, J., Hull, V.,
Morzillo, A. T., and Wiens, J. A. (eds.), Sources, Sinks, and Sustainability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 361–381.
Lotze, H. K., Lenihan, H. S., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H.,
Cooke, R. G., Kay, M. C., Kidwell, S. M., Kirby, M. X.,
Peterson, C. H., and Jackson, J. B. C., 2006. Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas.
Science, 312, 1806–1809.
BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
105
bicolor: interactions among recruitment, predation and competition. Ecology, 65, 677–688.
Kellogg, M. L., Cornwell, J. C., Owens, M. S., and Paynter, K. T.,
2013. Feature article: denitrification and nutrient assimilation
on a restored oyster reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 480,
1–19.
Kennedy, V. S., 1996. The ecological role of the eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virginica, with remarks on disease. Journal of Shellfish Research, 15, 177–183.
Kennedy, V. S., Newell, R. I. E., and Eble, A. F. (eds.), 1996. The
Eastern Oyster: Crassostrea Virginica. College Park, MD:
Maryland Sea Grant. 734 pp.
Kennedy, V. S., Breitburg, D. L., Christman, M. C., Luckenbach,
M. W., Paynter, K., Kramer, J., Sellner, K. G., Dew-Baxter, J.,
Keller, C., and Mann, R., 2011. Lessons learned from efforts to
restore oyster populations in Maryland and Virginia, 1990 to
2007. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30, 719–731.
Kent, B. W., 1992. Making Dead Oysters Talk: Techniques for
Analyzing Oysters from Archaeological Sites, 2nd edn.
Crownsville, MD: Maryland Historical and Cultural Publication.
76 pp.
Kim, C.-K., Park, K., and Powers, S. P., 2013. Establishing restoration strategy of Eastern oyster via a coupled biophysical transport model. Restoration Ecology, 21, 353–362.
Kimbro, D. L., Grosholz, E. D., Baukus, A., Nesbitt, N., Travis, N.,
Attoe, S., and Coleman-Hulbert, C., 2009. Invasive species
cause large-scale loss of native California oysters by disrupting
trophic cascades. Oecologia, 160, 563–575.
Kingsley-Smith, P. R., Joyce, R. E., Arnott, S. A., Roumillat, W. A.,
Mcdonough, C. J., and Reichert, M. J. M., 2012. Habitat use of
intertidal Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs by nekton
in South Carolina estuaries. Journal of Shellfish Research, 31,
1009–1023.
Kirby, M. X., 2004. Fishing down the coast: historical expansion
and collapse of oyster fisheries along coastal margins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 101, 13096–13099.
Kochmann, J., Buschbaum, C., Volkenborn, N., and Reise, K.,
2008. Shift from native mussels to alien oysters: differential
effects of ecosystem engineers. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology, 364, 1–10.
Kraeuter, J. N., and Castagna, M. (eds.), 2001. Biology of the Hard
Clam. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Developments in Aquaculture and
Fisheries Science-31. 751 pp.
Kraeuter, J. N., Kennish, M. J., Dobarro, J., Fegley, S. R., and
Flimlin, G. E., Jr., 2003. Rehabilitation of the Northern quahog
(Hard Clam) (Mercenaria mercenaria) habitats by shelling–
11 years in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 22, 61–67.
Kuhlmann, M. L., 1998. Spatial and temporal patterns in the dynamics and use of pen shells (Atrina rigida) as shelters in St. Joseph
Bay, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 62, 157–179.
Lafferty, K. D., Porter, J. W., and Ford, S. E., 2004. Are diseases
increasing in the ocean? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution,
and Systematics, 35, 31–54.
La Peyre, M. K., Gossman, B., and La Peyre, J. F., 2009. Defining
optimal freshwater flow for oyster production: effects of freshet
rate and magnitude of change and duration on eastern oysters
and Perkinsus marinus infection. Estuaries and Coasts, 32,
522–534.
La Peyre, M. K., Eberline, B. S., Soniat, T. M., and La Peyre, J. F.,
2013. Differences in extreme low salinity timing and duration
differentially affect eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) size
class growth and mortality in Breton Sound, LA. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 135, 146–157.
La Peyre, M. K., Furlong, J. N., Brown, L. A., Piazza, B. P., and
Brown, K., 2014a. Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf
of Mexico: extent, methods and outcomes. Ocean and Coastal
Management, 89, 20–28.
La Peyre, M. K., Humphries, A. T., Casas, S. M., and La Peyre, J. L.,
2014b. Temporal variation in development of ecological
services from oyster reef restoration. Ecological Engineering,
63, 34–44.
LaSalle, M. W., and de la Cruz, A. A., 1985. Species Profiles: Life
Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes
and Invertebrates (Gulf Of Mexico) – Common Rangia. United
States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Biological Services
Report No. FWS/OBS-82/11.31, and United States Army Corps
of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4, Washington, DC.
Lehnert, R. L., and Allen, D. M., 2002. Nekton use of subtidal oyster shell habitat in a southeastern U.S. estuary. Estuaries, 25,
1015–1024.
Lenihan, H. S., 1999. Physical-biological coupling on oyster reefs:
how habitat structure influences individual performance. Ecological Monographs, 69, 251–275.
Lenihan, H. S., and Peterson, C. H., 1998. How habitat degradation
through fishery disturbance enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecological Applications, 8, 128–140.
Lenihan, H. S., Micheli, F., Shelton, S. W., and Peterson, C. H.,
1999. The influence of multiple environmental stressors on susceptibility to parasites: an experimental determination with oysters. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 910–924.
Lenihan, H. S., and Micheli, F., 2000. Biological effects of shellfish
harvesting on oyster reefs: resolving a fishery conflict by ecological experimentation. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 86–95.
Leonard, D., and Macfarlane, S., 2011. Best management practices
for shellfish restoration. Prepared for the ISSC Shellfish Restoration Committee, 42 pp. plus appendices
Levinton, J. S., 2013. Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology, 4th edn. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 576 pp.
Levinton, J. S., and Waldman, J. R., (eds.), 2011. The Hudson River
Estuary. Levinton, Cambridge University Press, Reissue edition,
496 pp.
Levinton, J., Doall, M., Ralston, D., Starke, A., and Allam, B.,
2011. Climate change, precipitation and impacts on an estuarine
refuge from disease. PLoS One, 6(4), e18849, doi:10.1371/journal.
pone.0018849.
Levinton, J., Doall, M., and Allam, B., 2012. Growth and mortality
patterns of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in impacted
waters in coastal waters in New York, USA. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 32, 417–427.
Lindahl, O., 2011. Mussel farming as a tool for re-eutrophication of
coastal waters: experiences from Sweden, Ch. 8. In Shumway,
S. E. (ed.), Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment. Chichester:
Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 217–237
Lindsay, S. M., Wethey, D. S., and Woodin, S. A., 1996. Modelling
interactions of browsing predation, infaunal activity, and recruitment in marine soft-sediment habitats. American Naturalist,
148, 684–699.
Lipcius, R. N., Eggleston, D. B., Schreiber, S. J., Seitz, R. D., Shen,
J., Sisson, M., Stockhausen, W. T., and Wang, H. V., 2008.
Importance of metapopulation connectivity to restocking and
restoration of marine species. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 16,
101–110.
Lipcius, R. N., and Ralph, G. M., 2011. Evidence of source-sink
dynamics in marine and estuarine species. In Liu, J., Hull, V.,
Morzillo, A. T., and Wiens, J. A. (eds.), Sources, Sinks, and Sustainability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 361–381.
Lotze, H. K., Lenihan, H. S., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H.,
Cooke, R. G., Kay, M. C., Kidwell, S. M., Kirby, M. X.,
Peterson, C. H., and Jackson, J. B. C., 2006. Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas.
Science, 312, 1806–1809.
BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
105