Part F | 29
724 Part F Marine Derived Metabolites
with specific functional properties and their associated
health outcomes. Soluble polysaccharides from marine
bacteria and algae are promissory for human dietary
fiber and as possible prebiotic compounds. The need
to incorporate functional natural products and ingredients in foods in living systems, animals and human, is
a challenge to overcome. In 2006, Ochoa and OlmosSoto [29.110] assessed functional feed supplemented
with vegetable protein-carbohydrates and a Bacillus
strain (GRAS, generally recognized as safe) as probiotic due to the high enzyme level production and
secretion of antimicrobial peptides in a shrimp model
(Litopenaeus vannamei). In this approach, the enzymatic action produced by the bacteria and the shrimp
enzyme activity enhances carbohydrate digestion and
assimilation and, induced a healthy condition in L.
vannamei. Similar results were obtained when applying this biotechnology to edible fish such as Tilapia
(Orechromisaureus) [29.111].
Moreover, natural products as well as primary
and secondary metabolites from marine sources have
been reported to promote various functionalities like
growth enhancers, immune stimulation, antioxidants,
antistress, ferhormones, and antimicrobial properties in
finfish and shrimp larviculture, due to active principles
such as alkaloids, carotenoids, pigments, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and essential oils. Functional metabolites like carotenoids are bioactive ingredients with
physiological or health benefits beyond basic nutritional functions in organisms. In the case of carotenoids
as bioactive molecules in shrimp, the functionality resides, to a large degree, on their conversion to retinoids.
These molecules are derived from vitamin A and are involved in the activation of hormonal nuclear receptors
and play a prominent role in many developmental processes, including embryonic development and differentiation of various cell types. Studies on the bioactive
roles of carotenoids and retinoids in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei have been undertaken [29.112, 113].
According to the excellent results obtained, authors
emphasized the positive effect of these metabolites as
bioactive ingredients and hormone-like compounds in
shrimp maturation and reproductive performance. The
anticancer properties of carotenoids via shrimp food
could improve the health of consumers and accomplish
the required doses for these non-produced, de novo
metabolites. Innovative technologies will help to understand the relation of the functions of human genes
in relation to disease, and in particular the extent to
which nutrition and food components can influence
health promotion and disease prevention, and to approach therapeutic pharmacology through food. World
population, at all levels, is demanding natural medicines
as healthier foods with special properties, mainly acting
as passive immune protective and therapeutic agents, in
some ways, as was the intention of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, over 2000 years ago, in his phrase: Let
food be your medicine – let your medicine be your food.
References
29.1
C.B. Spainhour: Natural products. In: Drug Discovery Handbook, ed. by Shayne Gad (John Wiley
Sons, Hoboken 2005)
29.2
B.M. Olivera, W.R. Gray, R. Zeileus, J.M. McIntosh,
J. Varga, J. Rivier, V. de Santos, L.Y. Cruz: Peptide
neurotoxins from fish-hunting cone snails, Science 230(4732), 1338–1343 (1985)
29.3
Y. Liu: Renaissance of marine natural products
discovery and development, Mar. Sci. Res. Dev. 2,
2 (2012)
29.4
H. Sarfaraj, F. Sheebad, A. Saba, K. Sajid: Marine
natural products. A lead for anticancer, Indian
J. Geo-Mar. Sci. 41(1), 27–39 (2012)
29.5
J. Paniagua-Michel (Ed.): Productos naturales
marinos, metabolitos con actividad biologica. In:
Biotechnologia Marina (AGT Editors, Mexico City
2009) pp. 430
29.6
M.A. Piggott, K. Peter: Quality not quantity: The
role of marine natural products in drug discovery
and reverse chemcal proteomics, Mar. Drugs 3(2),
36–63 (2005)
29.7
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, M.H.G. Munro, P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat.
Prod. Rep. 28, 196–268 (2011)
29.8
C. Battershill, M. Jaspars, P. Long: Marine biodiscovery: New drugs from the ocean depths, Biologist 52(2), 107–114 (2005)
29.9
R.T. Hill, W. Fenical: Pharmaceuticals from marine natural products: Surge or ebb?, Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol. 21, 777–779 (2010)
29.10
A.M.S. Mayer, K.B. Glaser, C. Cuevas, R.S. Jacobs,
W. Kem, R.D. Little, J.M. McIntosh, D.J. Newman,
B.C. Potts, D.E. Shuster: The odyssey of marine
pharmaceuticals: A current pipeline perspective,
Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 31, 255–265 (2010)
29.11
T.F. Molinski, D.S. Dalisay, S.L. Lievens,
J.P. Saludes: Drug development from marine
natural products, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8, 69–85
(2009)
29.12
H.E. Hannon, W.D. Atchison: Omega-conotoxins
as experimental tools and therapeutics in pain
management, Mar. Drugs 11, 680–699 (2013)
724 Part F Marine Derived Metabolites
with specific functional properties and their associated
health outcomes. Soluble polysaccharides from marine
bacteria and algae are promissory for human dietary
fiber and as possible prebiotic compounds. The need
to incorporate functional natural products and ingredients in foods in living systems, animals and human, is
a challenge to overcome. In 2006, Ochoa and OlmosSoto [29.110] assessed functional feed supplemented
with vegetable protein-carbohydrates and a Bacillus
strain (GRAS, generally recognized as safe) as probiotic due to the high enzyme level production and
secretion of antimicrobial peptides in a shrimp model
(Litopenaeus vannamei). In this approach, the enzymatic action produced by the bacteria and the shrimp
enzyme activity enhances carbohydrate digestion and
assimilation and, induced a healthy condition in L.
vannamei. Similar results were obtained when applying this biotechnology to edible fish such as Tilapia
(Orechromisaureus) [29.111].
Moreover, natural products as well as primary
and secondary metabolites from marine sources have
been reported to promote various functionalities like
growth enhancers, immune stimulation, antioxidants,
antistress, ferhormones, and antimicrobial properties in
finfish and shrimp larviculture, due to active principles
such as alkaloids, carotenoids, pigments, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and essential oils. Functional metabolites like carotenoids are bioactive ingredients with
physiological or health benefits beyond basic nutritional functions in organisms. In the case of carotenoids
as bioactive molecules in shrimp, the functionality resides, to a large degree, on their conversion to retinoids.
These molecules are derived from vitamin A and are involved in the activation of hormonal nuclear receptors
and play a prominent role in many developmental processes, including embryonic development and differentiation of various cell types. Studies on the bioactive
roles of carotenoids and retinoids in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei have been undertaken [29.112, 113].
According to the excellent results obtained, authors
emphasized the positive effect of these metabolites as
bioactive ingredients and hormone-like compounds in
shrimp maturation and reproductive performance. The
anticancer properties of carotenoids via shrimp food
could improve the health of consumers and accomplish
the required doses for these non-produced, de novo
metabolites. Innovative technologies will help to understand the relation of the functions of human genes
in relation to disease, and in particular the extent to
which nutrition and food components can influence
health promotion and disease prevention, and to approach therapeutic pharmacology through food. World
population, at all levels, is demanding natural medicines
as healthier foods with special properties, mainly acting
as passive immune protective and therapeutic agents, in
some ways, as was the intention of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, over 2000 years ago, in his phrase: Let
food be your medicine – let your medicine be your food.
References
29.1
C.B. Spainhour: Natural products. In: Drug Discovery Handbook, ed. by Shayne Gad (John Wiley
Sons, Hoboken 2005)
29.2
B.M. Olivera, W.R. Gray, R. Zeileus, J.M. McIntosh,
J. Varga, J. Rivier, V. de Santos, L.Y. Cruz: Peptide
neurotoxins from fish-hunting cone snails, Science 230(4732), 1338–1343 (1985)
29.3
Y. Liu: Renaissance of marine natural products
discovery and development, Mar. Sci. Res. Dev. 2,
2 (2012)
29.4
H. Sarfaraj, F. Sheebad, A. Saba, K. Sajid: Marine
natural products. A lead for anticancer, Indian
J. Geo-Mar. Sci. 41(1), 27–39 (2012)
29.5
J. Paniagua-Michel (Ed.): Productos naturales
marinos, metabolitos con actividad biologica. In:
Biotechnologia Marina (AGT Editors, Mexico City
2009) pp. 430
29.6
M.A. Piggott, K. Peter: Quality not quantity: The
role of marine natural products in drug discovery
and reverse chemcal proteomics, Mar. Drugs 3(2),
36–63 (2005)
29.7
J.W. Blunt, B.R. Copp, M.H.G. Munro, P.T. Northcote, M.R. Prinsep: Marine natural products, Nat.
Prod. Rep. 28, 196–268 (2011)
29.8
C. Battershill, M. Jaspars, P. Long: Marine biodiscovery: New drugs from the ocean depths, Biologist 52(2), 107–114 (2005)
29.9
R.T. Hill, W. Fenical: Pharmaceuticals from marine natural products: Surge or ebb?, Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol. 21, 777–779 (2010)
29.10
A.M.S. Mayer, K.B. Glaser, C. Cuevas, R.S. Jacobs,
W. Kem, R.D. Little, J.M. McIntosh, D.J. Newman,
B.C. Potts, D.E. Shuster: The odyssey of marine
pharmaceuticals: A current pipeline perspective,
Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 31, 255–265 (2010)
29.11
T.F. Molinski, D.S. Dalisay, S.L. Lievens,
J.P. Saludes: Drug development from marine
natural products, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8, 69–85
(2009)
29.12
H.E. Hannon, W.D. Atchison: Omega-conotoxins
as experimental tools and therapeutics in pain
management, Mar. Drugs 11, 680–699 (2013)