Part D | 22.2
554 Part D Marine Algal Biotechnology
Table 22.7 (continued)
Order
Source
Backbone
Side chains
Position
Reference
Fucales Ascophyllum
nodosum
(ascophyllan)
! 4/-ˇ-D-ManpA-(1!; other UA
ˇ-D-Xylp-(1 ! 3)-˛-LFucp4S
[22.145]
Hizikia
fusiforme
! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1!2)-˛-DManp(4S)6S-(1!
! 4/-ˇ-D-Galp-(1! (core)
! 6/-ˇ-D-Galp3S-(1!
sulfated ˛-L-Fucp;
˛-D-Xylp fuco- and xylooligosaccharides
O-2 of ˇ-DGalp
O-3 of ˛-DManp
[22.146]
Sargassum
stenophyllum
! 6/-ˇ-D-Galp-(1!2)-ˇ-D-Manp-(1!
(core)
! 3/-˛-L-Fucp4S-(1!
! 4/-˛-L-Fucp4S-(1!
! 4/-˛-D-GlcpA-(1!
! 4/-˛-D-Glcp-(1!;
ˇ-D-Xylp
[22.147]
Sargassum
linifolium
(sargassan)
! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1 ! 4)-ˇ-D-Manp-(1!
(core)
! 4/-ˇ-D-Galp(3S,6S)(1!
internal
[22.148–
151]
! 2/-ˇ-D-Xylp-(1!
! 3/-˛-L-Fucp4S-(1!
peripheral
Sargassum
trichophyllum
! 3/-˛-L-Fucp(2S,4S)-(1!; !6)-ˇ-DGalp-(1!
[22.39]
Table 22.8 Basic structures of ulvans from Ulva sp. (after [22.5])
Name
Structure
Abbreviation Species
Ulvanobiuronic acid 3-sulfate A
! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
A 3s
Ulva rigida
Ulvanobiuronic acid 3-sulfate B
! 4/-˛-L-IdopA-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
B 3s
Ulva sp.
Ulvanobiose 3-sulfate
! 4/-ˇ-D-Xylp-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
U 3s
Ulva rigida
Ulvanobiose 2 0 , 3-sulfate
! 4/-ˇ-D-Xylp2S-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1! U 2 0 s;3s
Ulva rigida
Ulvanobiuronic acid 2 0 -glucuronic acid 3-sulfate A ! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA[ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1!2)]-(1 !
4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
A 2 0 g;3s
Ulva rigida
chains. Another variant of the core was found in fucoidan of Padina gymnospora [22.144]. The backbone
of this polysaccharide is glucuronan, consisting mainly
of (1 ! 3)- or (1 ! 4)-linked ˇ-D-GlcA. Ascophyllan,
a branched xylofucoglycuronan isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum. It has a backbone made of uronic
acid, mainly (1 ! 4)-linked ˇ-D-ManpA, and branches
containing sulfated ˛-L-Fucp and ˇ-D-Xylp [22.145].
Sargassan, a complex polysaccharide from Sargassum
linifolium, has a glucuronomannan core with internal
side chains of (1 ! 4)-linked sulfated ˇ-D-GlcA and
peripheral side chains made of sulfated ˛-L-Fucp and
ˇ-D-Xylp [22.148–151].
Complex highly branched polysaccharides have
been isolated from Sargassum stenophyllum [22.147].
One of these had a linear galactomannan core formed
by (1 ! 6)-ˇ-D-Galp and/or (1 ! 2)-ˇ-D-Manp units
with side chains containing ˇ-D-Xylp, (1 ! 3)- and/or
(1 ! 4)-linked ˛-L-Fucp, (1 ! 4)-linked ˛-L-GlcpA,
and ˛-D-Glcp. Two polysaccharides obtained from
Adenocytis utricularis were identified as galactofucan
and glycuronofucan [22.141].
22.2.4 Ulvans
Ulvans are principal matrix cell wall polysaccharides
of green algae, genus Ulva [22.155]. The composition
of these polysaccharides varied according to species,
harvest season, growth conditions, and method of isolation [22.5, 156]. Four monosaccharides, i. e. ˛-L-Rhap,
ˇ-D-Xylp, ˇ-D-GlcpA and ˛-L-IdopA, and sulfate are
the main constituents of ulvans [22.155, 156]. Like in
the case of alginates, these two uronic acids are C-5
epimers. All these types of sugar units are commonly
arranged in the backbone, while single ˇ-D-GlcpA can
also constitute the side chains. The basic structure of
ulvans is described by several repeating disaccharide
fragments called ulvanobiuronic acids or ulvanobioses.
Ulvanobiuronic acids (Fig. 22.2f,g) contain ˛-L-Rhap
and uronic acid residues, while ulvanobioses contain
554 Part D Marine Algal Biotechnology
Table 22.7 (continued)
Order
Source
Backbone
Side chains
Position
Reference
Fucales Ascophyllum
nodosum
(ascophyllan)
! 4/-ˇ-D-ManpA-(1!; other UA
ˇ-D-Xylp-(1 ! 3)-˛-LFucp4S
[22.145]
Hizikia
fusiforme
! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1!2)-˛-DManp(4S)6S-(1!
! 4/-ˇ-D-Galp-(1! (core)
! 6/-ˇ-D-Galp3S-(1!
sulfated ˛-L-Fucp;
˛-D-Xylp fuco- and xylooligosaccharides
O-2 of ˇ-DGalp
O-3 of ˛-DManp
[22.146]
Sargassum
stenophyllum
! 6/-ˇ-D-Galp-(1!2)-ˇ-D-Manp-(1!
(core)
! 3/-˛-L-Fucp4S-(1!
! 4/-˛-L-Fucp4S-(1!
! 4/-˛-D-GlcpA-(1!
! 4/-˛-D-Glcp-(1!;
ˇ-D-Xylp
[22.147]
Sargassum
linifolium
(sargassan)
! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1 ! 4)-ˇ-D-Manp-(1!
(core)
! 4/-ˇ-D-Galp(3S,6S)(1!
internal
[22.148–
151]
! 2/-ˇ-D-Xylp-(1!
! 3/-˛-L-Fucp4S-(1!
peripheral
Sargassum
trichophyllum
! 3/-˛-L-Fucp(2S,4S)-(1!; !6)-ˇ-DGalp-(1!
[22.39]
Table 22.8 Basic structures of ulvans from Ulva sp. (after [22.5])
Name
Structure
Abbreviation Species
Ulvanobiuronic acid 3-sulfate A
! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
A 3s
Ulva rigida
Ulvanobiuronic acid 3-sulfate B
! 4/-˛-L-IdopA-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
B 3s
Ulva sp.
Ulvanobiose 3-sulfate
! 4/-ˇ-D-Xylp-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
U 3s
Ulva rigida
Ulvanobiose 2 0 , 3-sulfate
! 4/-ˇ-D-Xylp2S-(1 ! 4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1! U 2 0 s;3s
Ulva rigida
Ulvanobiuronic acid 2 0 -glucuronic acid 3-sulfate A ! 4/-ˇ-D-GlcpA[ˇ-D-GlcpA-(1!2)]-(1 !
4)-˛-L-Rhap3S-(1!
A 2 0 g;3s
Ulva rigida
chains. Another variant of the core was found in fucoidan of Padina gymnospora [22.144]. The backbone
of this polysaccharide is glucuronan, consisting mainly
of (1 ! 3)- or (1 ! 4)-linked ˇ-D-GlcA. Ascophyllan,
a branched xylofucoglycuronan isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum. It has a backbone made of uronic
acid, mainly (1 ! 4)-linked ˇ-D-ManpA, and branches
containing sulfated ˛-L-Fucp and ˇ-D-Xylp [22.145].
Sargassan, a complex polysaccharide from Sargassum
linifolium, has a glucuronomannan core with internal
side chains of (1 ! 4)-linked sulfated ˇ-D-GlcA and
peripheral side chains made of sulfated ˛-L-Fucp and
ˇ-D-Xylp [22.148–151].
Complex highly branched polysaccharides have
been isolated from Sargassum stenophyllum [22.147].
One of these had a linear galactomannan core formed
by (1 ! 6)-ˇ-D-Galp and/or (1 ! 2)-ˇ-D-Manp units
with side chains containing ˇ-D-Xylp, (1 ! 3)- and/or
(1 ! 4)-linked ˛-L-Fucp, (1 ! 4)-linked ˛-L-GlcpA,
and ˛-D-Glcp. Two polysaccharides obtained from
Adenocytis utricularis were identified as galactofucan
and glycuronofucan [22.141].
22.2.4 Ulvans
Ulvans are principal matrix cell wall polysaccharides
of green algae, genus Ulva [22.155]. The composition
of these polysaccharides varied according to species,
harvest season, growth conditions, and method of isolation [22.5, 156]. Four monosaccharides, i. e. ˛-L-Rhap,
ˇ-D-Xylp, ˇ-D-GlcpA and ˛-L-IdopA, and sulfate are
the main constituents of ulvans [22.155, 156]. Like in
the case of alginates, these two uronic acids are C-5
epimers. All these types of sugar units are commonly
arranged in the backbone, while single ˇ-D-GlcpA can
also constitute the side chains. The basic structure of
ulvans is described by several repeating disaccharide
fragments called ulvanobiuronic acids or ulvanobioses.
Ulvanobiuronic acids (Fig. 22.2f,g) contain ˛-L-Rhap
and uronic acid residues, while ulvanobioses contain