Novel Bioreac
327
Part B | 12.1
12. Novel Bioreactors for Culturing Marine Organisms
Debashis Roy
This chapter considers a wide range of novel
bioreactor configurations for cultivation of marine
organisms for purposes of biomass harvesting/enrichment or synthesis of target metabolites
or wastewater treatment. It begins by analyzing
biofilm reactors that promote surface-attached
growth, including the niche-mimicking types viz.
modified roller bottles, air membrane surface
bioreactor, and ultralow speed rotating disk bioreactor as well as the small-scale extended surface
shaken vessel. Photobioreactors (PBR), used mainly
for phototrophic algal growth, are discussed next –
these include the tubular, plate/panel and stirred
tank types on the one hand and vertical column
PBRs on the other, the latter mainly comprising
airlift (AL) and bubble column (BC) PBRs. Important AL/BC configurations have been described.
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are then taken up,
which include, e.g., the anaerobic MBR, ionexchange MBR, etc. Immobilized cell bioreactors –
primarily packed bed bioreactors (PBBR) and their
hybrids (e.g., with PBR, airlift bioreactor (ALBR),
MBR etc.), are reviewed next, followed by hollow
fiber bioreactors (HFBR) (e.g., HF–submerged MBR,
HF-PBR, etc.) which, technically, are also a class
of immobilized-cell bioreactors. This is followed
by a brief overview of fluidized bed and moving bed bioreactors, used primarily for wastewater
treatment. Finally, the different classes of highpressure and/or high-temperature bioreactors are
12.1 Biofilm Reactors (BFR) .......................... 327
12.2 Photobioreactors (PBR)-Tubular,
Plate/Panel and Stirred Tank
Configurations ..................................... 331
12.3 Airlift Bioreactors (ALBR)
and Bubble Column Bioreactors (BCBR) . 337
12.3.1 Airlift Bioreactors....................... 337
12.3.2 Bubble Column
Bioreactors (BCBR) ..................... 341
12.3.3 ALBR and BCBR and/or
other PBR – Comparative Studies 343
12.4 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)................ 349
12.5 Immobilized-Cell Bioreactors ............... 353
12.6 Hollow Fiber Bioreactors (HFBR)............ 359
12.7 Fluidized Bed and Moving Bed
Bioreactors (FBBR and MBBR) ............... 363
12.7.1 Fluidized Bed Bioreactors (FBBR). 363
12.7.2 Moving Bed Bioreactors.............. 364
12.8 High-Temperature and/or
High-Pressure Bioreactors (HP-/HTBR)... 368
References................................................... 382
considered, which are practically wholly devoted
to cultivation of extremophiles (barophiles and/or
thermophiles) isolated from the deep sea.
12.1 Biofilm Reactors (BFR)
In their natural habitat, most bacteria exist within
biofilms that are anchored to surfaces and are inherently different from bacteria existing in a planktonic
state. Many bacterial strains upon attaching to a surface
reportedly produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) which
mediate the attachment of the bacteria to the surface
culminating in the formation of a biofilm. Marine microbial communities often occur as biofilms which
are high-density surface-attached aggregates embedded in extracellular biopolymer (EPS) matrices. The
microbial biofilm is a common adaptation of natural
bacteria and other microorganisms. In the fluctuating
environment of intertidal systems, biofilms form protective microenvironments and may structure a range
327
Part B | 12.1
12. Novel Bioreactors for Culturing Marine Organisms
Debashis Roy
This chapter considers a wide range of novel
bioreactor configurations for cultivation of marine
organisms for purposes of biomass harvesting/enrichment or synthesis of target metabolites
or wastewater treatment. It begins by analyzing
biofilm reactors that promote surface-attached
growth, including the niche-mimicking types viz.
modified roller bottles, air membrane surface
bioreactor, and ultralow speed rotating disk bioreactor as well as the small-scale extended surface
shaken vessel. Photobioreactors (PBR), used mainly
for phototrophic algal growth, are discussed next –
these include the tubular, plate/panel and stirred
tank types on the one hand and vertical column
PBRs on the other, the latter mainly comprising
airlift (AL) and bubble column (BC) PBRs. Important AL/BC configurations have been described.
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are then taken up,
which include, e.g., the anaerobic MBR, ionexchange MBR, etc. Immobilized cell bioreactors –
primarily packed bed bioreactors (PBBR) and their
hybrids (e.g., with PBR, airlift bioreactor (ALBR),
MBR etc.), are reviewed next, followed by hollow
fiber bioreactors (HFBR) (e.g., HF–submerged MBR,
HF-PBR, etc.) which, technically, are also a class
of immobilized-cell bioreactors. This is followed
by a brief overview of fluidized bed and moving bed bioreactors, used primarily for wastewater
treatment. Finally, the different classes of highpressure and/or high-temperature bioreactors are
12.1 Biofilm Reactors (BFR) .......................... 327
12.2 Photobioreactors (PBR)-Tubular,
Plate/Panel and Stirred Tank
Configurations ..................................... 331
12.3 Airlift Bioreactors (ALBR)
and Bubble Column Bioreactors (BCBR) . 337
12.3.1 Airlift Bioreactors....................... 337
12.3.2 Bubble Column
Bioreactors (BCBR) ..................... 341
12.3.3 ALBR and BCBR and/or
other PBR – Comparative Studies 343
12.4 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)................ 349
12.5 Immobilized-Cell Bioreactors ............... 353
12.6 Hollow Fiber Bioreactors (HFBR)............ 359
12.7 Fluidized Bed and Moving Bed
Bioreactors (FBBR and MBBR) ............... 363
12.7.1 Fluidized Bed Bioreactors (FBBR). 363
12.7.2 Moving Bed Bioreactors.............. 364
12.8 High-Temperature and/or
High-Pressure Bioreactors (HP-/HTBR)... 368
References................................................... 382
considered, which are practically wholly devoted
to cultivation of extremophiles (barophiles and/or
thermophiles) isolated from the deep sea.
12.1 Biofilm Reactors (BFR)
In their natural habitat, most bacteria exist within
biofilms that are anchored to surfaces and are inherently different from bacteria existing in a planktonic
state. Many bacterial strains upon attaching to a surface
reportedly produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) which
mediate the attachment of the bacteria to the surface
culminating in the formation of a biofilm. Marine microbial communities often occur as biofilms which
are high-density surface-attached aggregates embedded in extracellular biopolymer (EPS) matrices. The
microbial biofilm is a common adaptation of natural
bacteria and other microorganisms. In the fluctuating
environment of intertidal systems, biofilms form protective microenvironments and may structure a range