539
area. These values depend on the targets illuminated by the beam, on ground roughness and moisture and, in the end, on the vegetation density.
Sentinel-2A is the second satellite of Europe’s Copernicus Programme, following the Sentinel-1A radar satellite launched last year. In partnership with the
European Commission and within the frame of the Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security (GMES) program, the European Space Agency (ESA) is
developing the Sentinel-2 optical imaging mission, which is devoted to the operational monitoring of land and coastal areas. Sentinel-2 is the operational mission
devoted to the observation of continental surfaces in decametric resolution. The
Sentinel-2 mission ensures a systematic full land cover with 10-day repetitiveness
by a single satellite and 5-day repetitiveness by two satellites. Sentinel-2 has 13
spectral bands, 3 of which are in the near infrared (SWIR). These images have a
290-km-wide field of view and 10-m, 20-m or 60-m resolution depending on the
spectral bands. The Sentinel-2 mission is a land and coastal areas monitoring constellation of two satellites (Sentinel-2A, which was launched on 23 June 2015, and
Sentinel-2B, which will follow in the second half of 2016) that provide highresolution optical imagery and continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions. The mission will provide global coverage of the Earth’s land surface every
10 days with one satellite and every 5 days with two satellites, making the data of
great use in ongoing studies. Sentinel-2 delivers high-resolution optical images for
land monitoring, emergency response and security services. The satellite carries a
multispectral imager with a swath of 290 km. The imager provides a versatile set of
13 spectral bands spanning from the visible and near infrared to the shortwave infrared, featuring four spectral bands at 10-m, six bands at 20-m and three bands at
60-m spatial resolution. The imager’s 13 spectral bands, from the visible and the
near infrared to the shortwave infrared at different spatial resolutions, take land
monitoring to an unprecedented level. In fact, Sentinel-2 is the first optical Earth
observation mission of its type to include three bands in the ‘red edge’, which provides key information on the state of vegetation. The 13 spectral bands span from
the visible and the near infrared to the short-wave infrared. The four bands at 10 m
are the classical blue (490 nm), green (560 nm), red (665 nm) and near infrared
(842 nm) bands dedicated to land applications. The six bands at 20 m include four
narrow bands in the vegetation red edge spectral domain (705 nm, 740 nm, 775 nm
and 865 nm) and two large SWIR bands (1610 nm and 2190 nm) dedicated to snow/
ice/cloud detection and to vegetation moisture stress assessment. The three bands at
60 m are dedicated to atmospheric correction (443 nm for aerosols and 940 nm for
water vapor) and to cirrus detection (1380 nm) (Baillarin et al. 2012).
17.7.3 Remote-Sensing Methodology
The chosen methodology is associated with multi-data radar and optical image classification methodology. We began with the preliminary processing of the radar and
optical images (Figs. 17.13 and 17.14 show the radar data).
17 Alteration and Remediation of Coastal Wetland Ecosystems in the Danube Delta…
area. These values depend on the targets illuminated by the beam, on ground roughness and moisture and, in the end, on the vegetation density.
Sentinel-2A is the second satellite of Europe’s Copernicus Programme, following the Sentinel-1A radar satellite launched last year. In partnership with the
European Commission and within the frame of the Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security (GMES) program, the European Space Agency (ESA) is
developing the Sentinel-2 optical imaging mission, which is devoted to the operational monitoring of land and coastal areas. Sentinel-2 is the operational mission
devoted to the observation of continental surfaces in decametric resolution. The
Sentinel-2 mission ensures a systematic full land cover with 10-day repetitiveness
by a single satellite and 5-day repetitiveness by two satellites. Sentinel-2 has 13
spectral bands, 3 of which are in the near infrared (SWIR). These images have a
290-km-wide field of view and 10-m, 20-m or 60-m resolution depending on the
spectral bands. The Sentinel-2 mission is a land and coastal areas monitoring constellation of two satellites (Sentinel-2A, which was launched on 23 June 2015, and
Sentinel-2B, which will follow in the second half of 2016) that provide highresolution optical imagery and continuity for the current SPOT and Landsat missions. The mission will provide global coverage of the Earth’s land surface every
10 days with one satellite and every 5 days with two satellites, making the data of
great use in ongoing studies. Sentinel-2 delivers high-resolution optical images for
land monitoring, emergency response and security services. The satellite carries a
multispectral imager with a swath of 290 km. The imager provides a versatile set of
13 spectral bands spanning from the visible and near infrared to the shortwave infrared, featuring four spectral bands at 10-m, six bands at 20-m and three bands at
60-m spatial resolution. The imager’s 13 spectral bands, from the visible and the
near infrared to the shortwave infrared at different spatial resolutions, take land
monitoring to an unprecedented level. In fact, Sentinel-2 is the first optical Earth
observation mission of its type to include three bands in the ‘red edge’, which provides key information on the state of vegetation. The 13 spectral bands span from
the visible and the near infrared to the short-wave infrared. The four bands at 10 m
are the classical blue (490 nm), green (560 nm), red (665 nm) and near infrared
(842 nm) bands dedicated to land applications. The six bands at 20 m include four
narrow bands in the vegetation red edge spectral domain (705 nm, 740 nm, 775 nm
and 865 nm) and two large SWIR bands (1610 nm and 2190 nm) dedicated to snow/
ice/cloud detection and to vegetation moisture stress assessment. The three bands at
60 m are dedicated to atmospheric correction (443 nm for aerosols and 940 nm for
water vapor) and to cirrus detection (1380 nm) (Baillarin et al. 2012).
17.7.3 Remote-Sensing Methodology
The chosen methodology is associated with multi-data radar and optical image classification methodology. We began with the preliminary processing of the radar and
optical images (Figs. 17.13 and 17.14 show the radar data).
17 Alteration and Remediation of Coastal Wetland Ecosystems in the Danube Delta…