432
water quality parameters values were presented. During 2016, dissolved oxygen
showed that all the values are accepted as higher than the accepted limit of 4
mg/L. Enhancement of water quality in the adjacent area of the outlets of the coastal
lakes under investigation was recognized. This is due to the enrolling of the Egyptian
environmental law 4/1994 and its updated version 9/2009. The four coastal lagoon
are vulnerable to environmental stresses such as pollution. The challenges of the
coastal lakes were summarized to include pollution, water deterioration, lake of
management, reduction of area, aquatic plants, habitat loss, climate change, siltation of the outlets, eutrophication, awareness, illegal fish practice, over fishing and
decline of fish yield.
Many efforts have been done for environmental conservation and socioeconomic
development to the coastal lagoon. El-Manzala Lake is environmentally unprotected,
but apart from it at the site Ashtum El Gamil is considered as Protected Area
(declared by Prime Ministerial Decree 459/1988). Engineered Wetland was constructed to improve the water quality of the most polluted drain (Bahr El-Bakar
drain) which discharge its water into Lake Manzala. El-Burullus Lake is protected
by the Egyptian Prime Ministerial Decree 1444/1998 and is a Ramsar Site. Edku
and Mariout Lagoons still need more efforts to environment conservation for sustainable development.
In order to improvement of coastal lagoons resilience, periodical monitoring of
water quality and pollution sources, quantities and type of discharges from these
sources became perquisite to determine its impacts of these lakes. In addition, the
setting of the priorities for rehabilitation and development to ensure their sustainability is highly required.
References
Abdel Rahman SH (2008) Fishery resources in Egypt (Present status and future prospective).
Presented at the Second International Conference on Aquatic Resources. National Institute of
Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, November 2008
Baha El-Din SM (2002) Egypt, important bird areas in Africa and associated islands – Egypt,
pp 241–264
Barbier EB, Acreman AM, Knowler D (1997) Economic valuation of wetlands, a guide for policy
makers and planners. Ramsar Convention Bureau Department of Environmental Economics
and Environmental Management, University of York Institute of Hydrology IUCN-The World
Conservation Union
Bianchi CN, Morri C (2004) Climate change and biological response in Mediterranean Sea ecosystems: a need for broad-scale and long-term research. Ocean Chall 13:32–36
Cataudella S, Crosetti D, Massa F 2015 Mediterranean coastal lagoons: sustainable management
and interactions among aquaculture, capture fisheries and the environment Studies and
Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. No 95. FAO, Rome, 278 pp
De Wit R (2011) Biodiversity of coastal lagoon ecosystems and their vulnerability to global change, ecosystems biodiversity, PhD. Grillo O (ed) (also available at www.intechopen.com/books/ecosystemsbiodiversity/biodiversity-of-coastal-lagoonecosystems-andtheir-vulnerability-to-global-change)
EEAA (2010) Egypt state of environment report 2009. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs
Agency (EEAA)
A.A. El-Gamal
water quality parameters values were presented. During 2016, dissolved oxygen
showed that all the values are accepted as higher than the accepted limit of 4
mg/L. Enhancement of water quality in the adjacent area of the outlets of the coastal
lakes under investigation was recognized. This is due to the enrolling of the Egyptian
environmental law 4/1994 and its updated version 9/2009. The four coastal lagoon
are vulnerable to environmental stresses such as pollution. The challenges of the
coastal lakes were summarized to include pollution, water deterioration, lake of
management, reduction of area, aquatic plants, habitat loss, climate change, siltation of the outlets, eutrophication, awareness, illegal fish practice, over fishing and
decline of fish yield.
Many efforts have been done for environmental conservation and socioeconomic
development to the coastal lagoon. El-Manzala Lake is environmentally unprotected,
but apart from it at the site Ashtum El Gamil is considered as Protected Area
(declared by Prime Ministerial Decree 459/1988). Engineered Wetland was constructed to improve the water quality of the most polluted drain (Bahr El-Bakar
drain) which discharge its water into Lake Manzala. El-Burullus Lake is protected
by the Egyptian Prime Ministerial Decree 1444/1998 and is a Ramsar Site. Edku
and Mariout Lagoons still need more efforts to environment conservation for sustainable development.
In order to improvement of coastal lagoons resilience, periodical monitoring of
water quality and pollution sources, quantities and type of discharges from these
sources became perquisite to determine its impacts of these lakes. In addition, the
setting of the priorities for rehabilitation and development to ensure their sustainability is highly required.
References
Abdel Rahman SH (2008) Fishery resources in Egypt (Present status and future prospective).
Presented at the Second International Conference on Aquatic Resources. National Institute of
Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, November 2008
Baha El-Din SM (2002) Egypt, important bird areas in Africa and associated islands – Egypt,
pp 241–264
Barbier EB, Acreman AM, Knowler D (1997) Economic valuation of wetlands, a guide for policy
makers and planners. Ramsar Convention Bureau Department of Environmental Economics
and Environmental Management, University of York Institute of Hydrology IUCN-The World
Conservation Union
Bianchi CN, Morri C (2004) Climate change and biological response in Mediterranean Sea ecosystems: a need for broad-scale and long-term research. Ocean Chall 13:32–36
Cataudella S, Crosetti D, Massa F 2015 Mediterranean coastal lagoons: sustainable management
and interactions among aquaculture, capture fisheries and the environment Studies and
Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. No 95. FAO, Rome, 278 pp
De Wit R (2011) Biodiversity of coastal lagoon ecosystems and their vulnerability to global change, ecosystems biodiversity, PhD. Grillo O (ed) (also available at www.intechopen.com/books/ecosystemsbiodiversity/biodiversity-of-coastal-lagoonecosystems-andtheir-vulnerability-to-global-change)
EEAA (2010) Egypt state of environment report 2009. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs
Agency (EEAA)
A.A. El-Gamal