428
9. Eutrophication. Eutrophication can be accelerated with human consequences in
the watershed. If proper controls are not in place, pollutants from agricultural,
urban, and residential developments can easily be carried out to lakes and their
tributaries (Cataudella et al. 2015; USEPA 2002).
10. Low awareness of fishermen about environmental issues (Mehanna 2008),
11. Declining of fish yield and fish quality, (Mehanna 2008)
12. Over-fishing (Mehanna 2008),
13. Illegal fishing practices and illegal harvesting of fish fry (Mehanna 2008),
13.8 Environmental Conservation and Socioeconomic
Development in the Nile Delta Region
13.8.1 Manzala Lagoon
The lake is unprotected, apart from Ashtum El Gamil Protected Area (declared by
Prime Ministerial Decree 459/1988), which encompasses a small area (c.35 km
2
)
located along the sandbar at Bughaz El Gamil, the largest connection between the
lake and the sea, near Port Said. The main purpose for creating this protected area
was the protection of gravid fish and fry during their passage in and out of Manzala,
through Bughaz El Gamil (Baha El-Din 2002).
El-Salam canal is the main land reclamation project in the Eastern Nile Delta and
Sinai Peninsula in Egypt (currently mostly destined for Manzala). The project aim
is to reuse agricultural drainage water from Bahr Hadous and lower Serw drainage
to irrigate about 620,000 feddans through El-Salam canal (EL-Sayed and Omar
2013). This is expected to lead to a significant increase in the salinity of the lake
from the current 3–8 ppt, consequently changing its whole ecology (Baha El-Din
2002). Efforts have been done to decrease the water salinity in Bahr Hadous drain
in order to increase the amount of the reused drainage water discharged into
El-Salam canal (EL-Sayed and Omar 2013).
Lake Manzala serves as a final repository for much of the municipal and agricultural wastewater of the eastern Delta, including the wastewater of most of Cairo.
The main contributors to the lake are the Bahr El Bakr Drain, Hadous Drain and the
drainage water delivered by some adjacent pumping stations. The Bahr El Bakr
Drain carries sewage effluent from Cairo and the polluted drainage water of more
than 200,000 ha of agricultural land (Wahab and Badawy 2004). Engineered
Wetland was constructed to improve the water quality of Bahr El-Baqar drain,
before entering the Lake Manzala (El-Quosy 2005).
A.A. El-Gamal
9. Eutrophication. Eutrophication can be accelerated with human consequences in
the watershed. If proper controls are not in place, pollutants from agricultural,
urban, and residential developments can easily be carried out to lakes and their
tributaries (Cataudella et al. 2015; USEPA 2002).
10. Low awareness of fishermen about environmental issues (Mehanna 2008),
11. Declining of fish yield and fish quality, (Mehanna 2008)
12. Over-fishing (Mehanna 2008),
13. Illegal fishing practices and illegal harvesting of fish fry (Mehanna 2008),
13.8 Environmental Conservation and Socioeconomic
Development in the Nile Delta Region
13.8.1 Manzala Lagoon
The lake is unprotected, apart from Ashtum El Gamil Protected Area (declared by
Prime Ministerial Decree 459/1988), which encompasses a small area (c.35 km
2
)
located along the sandbar at Bughaz El Gamil, the largest connection between the
lake and the sea, near Port Said. The main purpose for creating this protected area
was the protection of gravid fish and fry during their passage in and out of Manzala,
through Bughaz El Gamil (Baha El-Din 2002).
El-Salam canal is the main land reclamation project in the Eastern Nile Delta and
Sinai Peninsula in Egypt (currently mostly destined for Manzala). The project aim
is to reuse agricultural drainage water from Bahr Hadous and lower Serw drainage
to irrigate about 620,000 feddans through El-Salam canal (EL-Sayed and Omar
2013). This is expected to lead to a significant increase in the salinity of the lake
from the current 3–8 ppt, consequently changing its whole ecology (Baha El-Din
2002). Efforts have been done to decrease the water salinity in Bahr Hadous drain
in order to increase the amount of the reused drainage water discharged into
El-Salam canal (EL-Sayed and Omar 2013).
Lake Manzala serves as a final repository for much of the municipal and agricultural wastewater of the eastern Delta, including the wastewater of most of Cairo.
The main contributors to the lake are the Bahr El Bakr Drain, Hadous Drain and the
drainage water delivered by some adjacent pumping stations. The Bahr El Bakr
Drain carries sewage effluent from Cairo and the polluted drainage water of more
than 200,000 ha of agricultural land (Wahab and Badawy 2004). Engineered
Wetland was constructed to improve the water quality of Bahr El-Baqar drain,
before entering the Lake Manzala (El-Quosy 2005).
A.A. El-Gamal